The author was led to undertake the present work on Turning and Mechanical Manipulation, from the circumstance of there bring no general treatise in the English language for the guidance of the Amateur in these pursuits. The original works by Plumier and Bergeron, although they were suited to the periods at which they were produced, are neither of them sufficient to convey instruction adequate to the present state of the Art; and the more recent French works leave unnoticed a large portion of the machines and instruments now used by Amateurs.
| Title | Turning And Mechanical Manipulation |
| Author | Charles Holtzapffel |
| Publisher | Charles Holtzapffel |
| Year | 1856 |
| Copyright | 1856, Charles Holtzapffel |
| Amazon | Turning and Mechanical Manipulation |
By Charles Holtzapffel, Associate Of The Institution Of Civil Engineers, London; Honorary Member Of The Royal Scottish Society Of Arts, Edinburgh; Corresponding Member Of The American Institute Of New Tore; Also Of The Franklin Institute, Philadelphia. Etc. Etc.
Vol. I: Materials; Their Differences, Choice, And Preparation; Various Modes Of Working Them, Generally Without Cutting Tools.
Illustrated By Upwards Of Three Hudred Woodents.
Vol. II: The Principles Of Construction, Action, And Application, Of Cutting Tools Used By Hand; And Also Of Machines Derived From The Hand Tools.
Illustrated By Upwards Of Seven Hundred Woodcuts.
Vol. III: Abrasive And Miscellaneous Processes, Which Cannot Be Accomplished With Cutting Tools.
Illustrated By Upwards Of One Hundred And Eighty Wood Cuts.
Vol. IV. The Principles And Practice Of Hand Or Simple Turning.
Illustrated By Upwards Of Seven Hundred And Fifty Woodcuts, Drawn On The Wood By The Author.
By John Jacob Holtzapffel, Associate Member Of The Institution Op Civil Engineers, London; Past Master Op The Worshipful Company Op Turners ; Examiner, City And Guilds Op London Institute For The Advancement
Every Volume Is Complete In Itself.
Preface To The First Edition- The author was led to undertake the present work on Turning and Mechanical Manipulation, from the circumstance of there bring no general treatise in the English language for the guidance of the Amateu...
- Preface To The Second Edition
- THE duty that primarily devolves upon the author, in offering to the public the reprint of his first volume of the work on Turning and Mechanical Manipulation, is to express his warmest thanks for the...
- Mineral Sketch Of The Contents of The Work. Vol. I
- Materials. Their Differences. Choice, And Preparation; Various Modes Of Working Them, Generally Without Cutting Tools Introduction-Materials from the Vegetable, the Animal, and the Mineral Kingdoms...
- Vol. I. Materials: Their Differences, Choice, And Preparation Various Modes Of Working Them, Generally Without Tools. Chapter I. Introduction
- IN offering these pages to the public, it may be expected that in conformity with the usual custom, I should state briefly the general nature and purpose of my subject, noticing the principal works wh...
- Materials. Introduction. Part 2
- The important and different results to which we have cursorily referred, are in most cases greatly, and in others exclusively indebted for their formation, to an instrument based upon the law of rotar...
- Materials. Introduction. Part 3
- All these books are contained in the library of the British Museum, except that of Plumier,* who appears not to have seen a rare book of more remote date than any of the above, namely, Panoplia Omniu...
- Materials. Introduction. Part 4
- The author of these pages has been repeatedly urged, by many amateurs, to write a work upon the subject, but by no one more than by his late father, in conjunction with whom he made several beginnings...
- Chapter II. Materials From The Vegetable Kingdom. Section I. - Their Growth . Structure And Preparation
- THE materials used in turning and the mechanical Arts are exceedingly numerous: we obtain from the Vegetable Kingdom an extensive varietyof woods of different characters, colours, and degrees of hardn...
- Vegetable Kingdom Materials. Growth. Structure And Preparation. Part 2
- In many plants the wedge-form plates, intermediate between the medullary rays, only appear as an irregular cellular tissue full of small tubes or pores, without any very definite arrangement.* The med...
- Vegetable Kingdom Materials. Growth. Structure And Preparation. Part 3
- The larger palms generally reach us in slabs measuring about the sixth or eighth part of the circle, as in fig. 4, the smaller sizes are sent entire; fig. 5 represents a small piece near the outside, ...
- Vegetable Kingdom Materials. Growth. Structure And Preparation. Part 4
- The quantity of sap-wood is various in different plants, and the line of division is usually most distinctly marked; in some, as boxwood, the sap-wood is very inconsiderable, and together with the bar...
- Section II. - Seasoning And Preparing The Woods
- HAVING briefly alluded to the mischiefs consequent upon the use of woods in an improper condition, I shall proceed to describe the general modes pursued for avoiding such mischiefs by a proper course ...
- Chapter III. Useful Characters Of Woods. Section I. - Hard And Soft Woods, Etc
- The relative terms hard and soft, elastic or non-elastic, and the proportions of resins, gums, etc, as applied to the woods, appear to be in a great measure explained by their examination under the mi...
- Section II. - Elastic And Non-Elastic Woods
- THE most elastic woods are those in which the annual or longitudinal fibres are the straightest, and the least interwoven with the medullary rays, and which are the least interrupted by the presence o...
- Chapter IV. Ornamental Characters Of Woods. Section I. - Fibre Or Grain, Knots, Etc
- The ornamental figure or grain of many of the woods, appears to depend as much or more upon the particular directions and mixings of the fibres, as upon their differences of colour. I will first consi...
- Ornamental Characters Of Woods. Section I. - Fibre Or Grain, Knots, Etc. Part 2
- The knots of large trees are sometimes of considerable site, I have portions of one of those of the Norfolk Island pine, (Auracaria excelsa,) which attained the enormous size of about four feet long, ...
- Ornamental Characters Of Woods. Section I. - Fibre Or Grain, Knots, Etc. Part 3
- This led me to conclude, that in woods the figures of which resemble the undulations, or the ripple marks on the sands, that frequently occur in satin-wood and sycamore, less frequently in box-wood, a...
- Section II. - Variations Of Colour
- The figures of the woods depend also upon the colour as well as on the fibre; in some the tint is nearly uniform, but others partake of several shades of the same hue, or of two or three different col...
- Chapter V. Manence Of Form, And Combination Of Tbi Woods. Section I. - Shrinking And Warping
- The permanence of the form and dimensions of the woods requires particular consideration, even more than their compara-tive degrees of ornament, especially as concerns those works which consist of var...
- Manence Of Form, And Combination Of Tbi Woods. Section I. - Shrinking And Warping. Continued
- In pieces cut lengthways, such as fig. 15, circumstances are still less favourable; there being no perceptible contraction in the length of the fibres, the whole of the shrinking takes place laterally...
- Section II. - Combining Different Pieces Of Wood
- In combining several pieces of wood for works in carpentry and cabinet-making, the different circumstances of the plank as respects its length and width should be always borne in mind. Provision must ...
- Section III.-On Glueing Various Works In Wood
- Glue is the cement used for joining different pieces of wood; it is a common jelly, made from the scraps that are pared off the hides of animals before they are subjected to the tan-pit for con-versio...
- -On Glueing Various Works In Wood. Part 2
- The general method pursued in glueing the angles of the frame for a panel, is somewhat similar, although modified, to meet the different structure of the joints. The tenons are made quite parallel bot...
- -On Glueing Various Works In Wood. Part 3
- * In some of the large manufactories for cabinet-work, the premises are heated by steam-pipes, in which case they have frequently a close store in every workshop heated many degrees beyond the general...
- Chapter VI. Catalogue Of The Woods Commonly Used In This Country
- Sources From Whence It Collected IN presenting this descriptive catalogue of woods to the reader, it becomes the author's first and pleasing duty, to acknowledge the valuable assistance he has rece...
- Catalogue Of The Woods Commonly Used In This Country. Continued
- * The Romans had their tiger and panther woods, namely the pieces of citrus, marked with strips or spots (tee note, p. 64;) the moderns have partridge, snake, porcupine, zebra, and tulip woods, and ot...
- Of The Woods Commonly Used In This Country
- For Building. Ship-building. Cedars. Deals. Elms. Firs. Larches. Locust. Oaks. Teak, etc. etc. Wet works, as piles, foundations, etc. Alder. Beech. Elm. Oak. Plane-tree. White Cedar. House-ca...
- Descriptive Catalogue Of The Characters And Uses Of The Woods Commonly Employed In This Country For The Mechanical And Ornamental Arts
- N.B. - The botanical names, the notes printed in a smaller type and the articles marked with an asterisk, hare been added by Dr. Royle, M.D., F.R.S., L.S., & G.S., etc etc., of the Eart India House, P...
- Acacia
- ACACIA, true. The Acacia proxima Mordi, A. dullard's MSS., called in Cuba, Sabiei, and in England Savico and Saracu, is a heavy durable wood of the red mahogany character, but rather darker and plaine...
- Ash
- ASH, (Fraxinus excelsa;) Europe and North of Asia; mean size, 38 ft. long by 23 in. diam., sometimes much larger. The young wood is brownish-whits with a shade of green; the old, oak-brown with darker...
- Beech
- BEECH. Only one species, (Fagus sylvatica,) is common to Europe; in England the Buckinghsmshire and Sussex beech are esteemed the best Mesa dimensions of the tree, 44 ft. long and 27 in. diam. The col...
- Birch-Wood
- BIRCH-WOOD, a forest tree common to Europe and North America; the finest is imported from Canada, St. John's, and Pictou. It is an excellent wood for the turner, being light-coloured, compact, and eas...
- Black Botany-Bay Wood
- BLACK BOTANY-BAY WOOD, called also African Black-wood, is perhaps the hardest, and also the moat wasteful of all the woods; the billets are very knotty and crooked, and covered with a thick rind of th...
- Boxwood
- BOXWOOD, (Buxus sempervirens,) is distinguished as Turkey and European boxwood. The former is imported from Constantinople, Smyrna, and the Black Sea, in logs felled with the hatchet, that measure ...
- Brazil-Wood
- BRAZIL-WOOD, called also Peroambuco, was supposed by Dr. Bancroft to hare been known as a red dyewood before the discovery of the Brazils, which country, be says, was so named by Europeans from is abo...
- Cedar
- CEDAR. The name Cedar has been given to trees of very different natural ordors, and has occasioned much confusion. The cedar of Lebanon, or great cedar, (Pinus Cedrus) is a cone-bearing resinous tr...
- Cocoa-Wood
- COCOA-WOOD, or Cocus, is imported from the W. Indies in logs from 2 to 8 in. diameter, sawn to the length of 3 to 6 ft., tolerably free from knots, with a thick yellow sap: the heart, which is rarely ...
- Coromandel
- COROMANDEL, or Calamander, the produce of Ceylon, and the coast of India, is shipped in logs and planks from Bombay and Madras. The figure is between that of rose-wood and zebra-wood; the colour of th...
- Ebony
- EBONY is described as of several colours, as yellow, red, green, and black. The existence of yellow and red ebonies appears questionable. The black ebony is the kind always referred to when the name i...
- Elm
- ELM (Ulmus), a European timber tree, of which there are five species; mean size, 44 ft. long, 32 in diameter. The heart wood is red brown, darker than oak, the sap yellowish or brownish white, with po...
- Greenheart
- GREENHEART; from Jamaica, Demerars, and the Brazils, bears a general resemblance to cocoa-wood both in size and bark, but the latter has a redder tint Greenheart when first cut is of a light green bro...
- Holly
- HOLLY, (Ilex aquifolium,) is a very clean, fine-grained wood, the whitest and most costly of those used by the Tunbridge-ware manufacturer, who employs it for a variety of his best works, especially t...
- Iron-Wood
- IRON-WOOD, is imported from the Brazils, the East and West Indies, and other countries, in square and round logs, 6 to 9 in. and upwards through. Its colours are very dark browns and reds, sometimes s...
- Kiabooca-Wood
- KIABOOCA-WOOD, or Amboyna Wood, imported from Sincapore, appears to be the excrescence or burr of some large tree; it is sawn off in slabs from 2 to 4 ft long, 4 to 24 in. wide, and 2 to 8 in. thick; ...
- Lignum-Vit
- LIGNUM-VITae, or Guaiacum is a very hard and heavy wood. It is shipped from Cuba, Jamaica, St. Domingo, and New Providence, in logs from 2 1/2 to 36 in. diameter, and is one of the heaviest of the woo...
- Lime-Tree
- LIME-TREE, called also the Linden-tree, Tilia, is common to Europe, and attains considerable size. The wood is very light-coloured, fine and close in the grain, and when properly seasoned, it is not l...
- Locust-Tree
- LOCUST-TREE. The locust-tree of North America is Robinia pseudacaeia. The wood is greenish yellow, with a slight tinge of red in the pores, it is used like oak. Locust is much esteemed for tree-nails ...
- Mahogany
- MAHOGANY, the Swietenia Mahogoni, is a native of the West Indies and the country round the Bay of Honduras. It is said to bo of rapid growth, and so large that its trunk often exceeds 40 feet in lengt...
- Manchineel
- MANCHINEEL, a large tree of the West Indies and South America; the wood possesses some of the general characters of mahogany and is similarly used but it is much less common. The wood is described as ...
- Mangrove
- MANGROVE: Native woods of the shores of the tropics, bearing this name, and those of Mango, Mangle, Maniglier (Fr.) etc, differ very much in kind: some that I have examined bear the appearance of very...
- Maple
- MAPLE, is considered to be allied to the Sycamore, which is sometimes called the great maple, (Acer Pseudo-platamus,) or the plane-tree. The English, or common maple, is of this kind; its colour is pa...
- Oak
- OAK, (Quercus). Of this valuable timber there are two kinds common to England, and several others to the Continent and America. Oak of good quality is more durable than any other wood that attains the...
- Palm-Trees
- PALM-TREES. Two or three varieties only, of the four or five hundred which are said to exist, are imported into this country from the East and West Indies: they are known in England by the names, palm...
- Partridge-Wood
- PARTRIDGE-WOOD is the produce of the Brazils, and the West Indian Islands; it to sent in large planks, or in round and square logs, called from their tints red, brown, and black, and also sweet partri...
- Pines and Firs
- PINES and FIRS, (Pinus,) constitute a very numerous family of cone-bearing timber-trees, that thrive the best in cold countries. The woods differ somewhat in colour, partly from the greater or less qu...
- Plane-Tree
- PLANE-TREE the Platannus occidentalis,) is a native of North America; it is abundant on the banks of the Mississippi and Ohio. This, perhaps one of the largest of the American trees, is sometimes 12 f...
- Poplar
- POPLAR (Populus). There are five species common to England, of which the Abele, or great white poplar, and the Lombardy poplar are the most used. The woods are soft, light, easy to work, suited to car...
- Rose-Wood
- ROSE-WOOD is produced in the Brazils, the Canary Isles, the East Indies, and Africa. It is imported in very large slabs, or the halves of trees that average 18 inches wide The best is from Rio de Jane...
- Sandal-Wood
- SANDAL-WOOD is the produce of Santalum album, a tree having somewhat the appearance of a large myrtle. The wood is extensively employed as a perfume in the funeral ceremonies of he Hindoos. The deeper...
- Satin-Wood
- SATIN-WOOD. The best variety is the West Indian, imported from St. Domingo, in square logs and planks from 96 to 20 in. wide; the next in quality is the East Indian, shipped from Singapore and Bombay ...
- Snake-Wood
- SNAKE-WOOD, Letter or Speckled wood, is used at Demerara, Surinam, and along the banks of the Orinoko, for the bows of the Indians. The colour of the wood is red hazel, with numerous black spots and m...
- Sycamore
- SYCAMORE, the Acer pseudo-platanus, common to Europe, is also called great maple, and in Scotland and the north of England, plane-tree; its mean size is 32 ft. high. Sycamore is a very clean wood, wit...
- Teak-Wood
- TEAK-WOOD is the produce of the Tectona grandis, a native of the mountainous parts of the Malabar coast, and of the Rajahmundry Circars, as well as of Java, Ceylon, and the Moulmein and Tenasserim coa...
- Tulip-Wood
- TULIP-WOOD is the growth of the Brazils. The wood is trimmed and cut like King-wood, but it is in general very unsound in the center; its colour is flesh red with dark red streaks; it is very handsome...
- Willow
- WILLOW. There are many varieties of the willow (Salix). It is perhaps the softest and lightest of our woods. Its colour is tolerably white, inclining to yellowish-grey: it is planed into chips for hat...
- Yellow Wood
- YELLOW WOOD. There is a fine East India wood thus called, it appears to be larger and straighter than box-wood, but not so close-grained. I should think it would be found to bo a valuable wood for the...
- Corosos. Ivory-Nuts
- COROSOS, or IVORY-NUTS, are produced by Phytelephas macrocarpa, growing in central America and Columbia, (Humboldt.) They are described as seeds with osseous albumen; the tree is a genus allied to the...
- Abele - Apricot-Tree
- Abele ABELE. See POPLAR. African Blackwood AFRICAN BLACKWOOD. See Black Botany-Bay Wood. Alder ALDER. (Alnus glutinosa,) Europe and Asia. There are other species in N. America and the H...
- Arbor Vitae - Botany-Bay Oak
- Arbor Vitae ARBOR VITAE. The different species of Thuja, are called Arbor vitae, and are chiefly found in North America and China. T. occidentalis, or American Arbor vitae, attains a height of from...
- Braziletto - Camphor-Wood
- Braziletto BRAZILETTO is quite unlike the Brazil wood; its colour is ruddy orange, sometimes with streaks; it is imported from Jamaica in sawn logs from 2 to 6 ft long and 2 to 8 in. diam. with ...
- Cam-Wood - Chesnut
- Cam-Wood CAM-WOOD, an African dyewood, is shipped from Rokella, Sierra Leone, etc. in short logs, pieces, roots, and splinters. When first opened, it is tinted with red and orange; the dust is v...
- Cocoa Nut Tree - Cypress-Tree
- Cocoa Nut Tree COCOA NUT TREE and COCOA-NUT. See Palms, and SUPPLEMENT. COCUS. See Cocoa-wood. Coffeetree COFFEETREE (Coffea arabica). The wood is of a light greenish-brown or dusky-yellow, w...
- Gum-Wood - Jak-Wood
- Gum-Wood GUM-WOOD, or blue Gum-wood, is the produce of New South Wales, it is sent over in large logs and planks, the colour is similar to that of dark Spanish mahogany, with a blue, sometimes a pu...
- Jacaranda - Logwood
- Jacaranda JACARANDA, the Portuguese and continental name for Rose-wood, which see. Juniper-Wood The wood of all the species is more or less aromatic, and very durable; they are found in the c...
- Maracaybo - Nicaragua-Wood
- Maracaybo MARACAYBO is a furniture wood of moderate size, as hard as good mahogany, and in appearance between it and tulip-wood. It is sometimes called Maracaybo cedar, but it has no resemblance to...
- Nutmeg-Wood - Plum-Tree
- Nutmeg-Wood NUTMEG-WOOD. See Palm Olive-Wood OLIVE-WOOD, principally imported from Leghorn, is the wood of the fruit-tree (Olea europea); it is much like box, but softer, with darker grey-col...
- Poon-Wood - Red Saunders
- Poon-Wood POON-WOOD, or Peon-wood, of Singapore, is of a light porous texture, and light greyish cedar colour; it is used in ship-building for planks, and makes excellent spars. The Calcutta poon i...
- Ruby-Wood - Sissoo
- Ruby-Wood RUBY-WOOD. See Red Saunders. Sallow SALLOW, (Salix caprea,) is white, with a pale red cast, like red deal, but without the veins. The wood is soft and only used for very common work...
- The New Wood
- THE NEW WOOD. This curious name was applied by the late Mr. Marshall, Upholsterer of Soho Square, to some very beautiful wood in his possession, apparently of several distinct kinds, the proper names...
- Memoir On The Preservation Of Woods
- A paper bearing this title was lately read before the French Academy of Sciences, by its author, Dr. Boucherie, and I propose, as an appropriate sequel to the foregoing pages upon the woods, to att...
- Chapter VII. Materials From The Animal Kingdom. Section I. - Porcelanous And Nacreous Shells, Bones, Etc
- The hard solid substances derived from the Animal Kingdom, are parts of the external or internal skeletons, as shells and bones; or of the instruments of sustenance and defence, as horns, hoofs, nails...
- Section II. - Horn
- THE horns of animals have next to be considered, for which, says Mr. Aikin, In teh English lauguage we have only one word to express two quite different substances; namely, the branched bony horns...
- Horn. Continued
- * The shavings thus removed are used for the Chinese sensitive leaves, which curl up when placed on the hand, from the temporary evaporation of their moisture, Trans. Soc. of Arts, Vol. XLV. p,...
- Section III. - Tortoiseshell
- Tortoiseshell comes next under consideration. The animal which produces this beautiful substance, is a marine tortoise, called the Testudo imbricata, or hawk's-bill turtle. Its Latin name is derived ...
- Tortoiseshell. Part 2
- Many of the works in tortoiseshell are made, partly by cutting them out of the shell, and partly by joining or adhesion, called by the French souder. Thus in the Manuel du Tourneur,* the artist is dir...
- Tortoiseshell. Part 3
- * See Mr. Rogers' Comb-cutting Machine, Trans. Soc. Arts, Vol. 49, part 2, pp. 150 - 8: since remodelled and improved by Mr. Kelly. The construction of tortoiseshell boxes requires a copper, with a...
- Tortoiseshell. Part 4
- The tortoiseshell boxes usually made in England are those which are veneered upon a body or fabric of wood, for which purpose the plates are scraped and filed to an uniform thickness, and glued on muc...
- Section IV. - Whalebone
- This material is scarcely at all used by the amateur, and the few remarks that are offered arc principally extracted from Mr. Aikin's paper. Whalebone, as I have already stated, (says Mr. Aikin,) ...
- Chapter VIII. Materials From, The Animal Kingdom, Concluded. Section I. - Description Of The Various Kinds Of Ivory
- Ivory, the tusk or weapon of defence of the male elephant, and of which each animal has two, is placed by the chemists intermediately between bone and horn, and its mechanical characters corroborate t...
- Animal Kingdom Materials. Description Of The Various Kinds Of Ivory. Part 2
- The masticating teeth of some of the large animals are occasionally used as ivory; those of the spermaceti whale are of a flattened oval section, and resemble ivory in substance; but they are dark-col...
- Animal Kingdom Materials. Description Of The Various Kinds Of Ivory. Part 3
- Asiatic teeth shipped from Calcutta, Madras, and part of those from Bombay, a the produce of India generally; they are called Asiatic, East Indian. Siaam. Elephants' teeth differ considerably in th...
- Section II. - Preparation Of Ivory, Etc
- On account of the great value of ivory, it requires considerable judgment to be employed in its preparation, from three conditions observable in the form of the tusk; first, its being curved in the di...
- Preparation Of Ivory, Etc. Part 2
- In all cases the entire division of the block or ring should be determined upon, and carefully marked in pencil upon the end of the piece, before the saw is used. When a tusk is cut up exclusively ...
- Preparation Of Ivory, Etc. Part 3
- Fig. 55 explains the mode of preparing such an object as a snuff-box out of a solid block; that is, with the ordinary parting tool entered from the front, and the inside parting tool entered from...
- Preparation Of Ivory, Etc. Part 4
- Ivory requires a similar drying, or seasoning, to that recommended for wood; as when the pieces cut out of the tooth are too suddenly exposed to hot dry air, they crack and warp nearly after the same ...
- Chapter IX. Materials From The Mineral Kingdom
- The materials from the mineral kingdom may be divided so far as regards these pages into two groups; the earthy, and the metallic. The earthy materials, the subject of this chapter, when employed i...
- Clay (1)
- This material is only worked in the soft and plastic state. In pottery, it is attached to the potter's wheel or horizontal lathe, by its own adhesiveness alone, and is turned by the hands and blunt wo...
- Meerschaum (1). Amber (2)
- These are principally used for smoking-pipes. Previously to being turned, the meerschaum is soaked in water, it is then worked with ordinary tools, and is described to cut like a turnip; after havin...
- Alabaster (2 - 2 1/2)
- This is a sulphate of lime, or compact gypsum, which occurs in various places; in England the finest is found near Derby, where the pure white is employed for the purposes of sculpture, but the finest...
- Slate (2 1/2-3)
- The common blue and red slates consist of clay and silex in about equal parts; the largest slate quarries, perhaps in the world, are at Bangor in Wales. The blocks when quarried are split into sheets,...
- Serpentine, Potstone, Steatite (3 1/2)
- These are natural compounds of magnesia and silica, they are generally worked immediately on being raised, being then much softer, but with the evaporation of their moisture they assume the general ha...
- Marbles, Limestones (3 1/2)
- The term marble is applied by the mason to any of the materials that he employs, which admit of being polished; but the mineralogist designates thereby the compact carbonates of lime variously coloure...
- Fluor Spar (4)
- Is a natural combination of lime and fluoric acid, and the workable variety is peculiar to Derbyshire, where the art of turning it is carried to great perfection. The most costly varieties are the dee...
- Freestones, Sandstones (6 - 7)
- In the introduction to this chapter, some remarks were given intended to explain the various structural differences between these substances, and those noticed in the following group. Freestone is ...
- Porphyries, Elvans, Granites (6 - 7)
- The division and preparation of the softest of the former materials, namely clay, can be accomplished by the hands alone; in others, as alabaster and slate, with the ordinary toothed saws; and for tho...
- Agate, Jasper, Chalcedony, Carnelian, Etc. (7)
- Are all composed of silex nearly pure; they break in general with a conchoidal fracture, and to divide them into plates it is necessary to resort to the lapidary process. They may be slit with emery, ...
- Topaz (8). Sapphire, Ruby (9)
- These may be split with plane surfaces through their natural cleavages, and which method is continually employed; otherwise, they can be only slit with the diamond powder. The first and similar stones...
- Topaz (8). Sapphire, Ruby (9). Part 2
- * Its anlogy to these and other combustible bodies was inferred by Sir Isaac Newton, owing to the highly refractive power of the diamond; this has been subsequently proved; although as a combustible b...
- Topaz (8). Sapphire, Ruby (9). Part 3
- It must not be supposed however, the diamond endures for ever, the ordinary painter and glazier may use one diamond throughout his lifetime, by having it pieces are known as diamond bort. The diamonds...
- Section I. - Arrangement Of The Subject
- The numerous materials from the three kingdoms hitherto described, with but three exceptions, namely, clay, horn, and tortoiseshell, are used in the simple natural states in which they are found, with...
- Section II. - The Manufacture Of Cast Iron
- The ore having been raised, the first process to which it is subjected is called calcining or roasting; the iron-stone or rawmine is intermixed with coal and thrown into heaps, commonly from thirty to...
- Section III. - The Manufacture Of Malleable Iron
- Formerly, wrought-iron was obtained either directly from the ore, or from cast iron, by a process still in extensive operation abroad, in which wood charcoal is required. In 1783 and 1784 Mr. Cort too...
- The Manufacture Of Malleable Iron. Continued
- Figs. 77. 78. 70. 80. 81. Figs. 77, 78, 79 and 80, represent four amongst numerous other sections of railway iron; these bars are produced in rollers turned wit...
- Section IV. - Manufacture Of Steel
- Steel is manufactured from pure malleable iron by the process called cementation; the Swedish iron from the Dannemora mines marked with the letter L in the center of a circle, and called Hoop L, is ...
- Cast-Steel, Etc
- The ingots arc reheated in an open fire much like that of the common forge, and are passed under a heavy hammer weighing several tons, such as those of iron works; the blows are given gently at first,...
- Chapter XI. Forging Iron And Steel. Section I. - General View Of The Practice Of Forging Iron And steel
- In entering upon this subject, which performs so important and indispensable a part in every branch of mechanical industry, it is proposed first to notice some of the general methods pursued, commenci...
- General View Of The Practice Of Forging Iron And steel. Part 2
- The blast is sometimes supplied from ordinary bellows of various forms; at other times, as at the Woolwich dock-yard, by three enormous air-pumps, which lead into a fourth cylinder or regulator, the p...
- General View Of The Practice Of Forging Iron And Steel. Part 3
- * The common bellows and rocking staff are too familiar to need description; bellows of the same general construction have also been made round and square; and amongst various others, are Street's pat...
- Section II. - Management of The Fire, The Degrees Of Heat
- The ordinary fuel for the smith's forge is coal, and the kinds to be preferred, are such as are dense and free from metallic matters, as these are generally accompanied with sulphur, which is highly d...
- Section III. - Ordinary Practice Of Forging
- The general practice of forging works from the bar of iron or steel, are for the most part included in the three following modes; the first two occur in almost every case, and frequently all three tog...
- Ordinary Practice Of Forging. Part 2
- To return to the forging: the flat face of the hammer should not only fall flat, but also centrally upon the work; that is, the center of the hammer, in which point the principal force of the blow is ...
- Ordinary Practice Of Forging. Part 3
- Secondly, by jumping: - A piece of bolt-iron of five-eighths of an inch diameter, or of the size of the stem of the bolt, is cut off somewhat longer than the intended length; a short heat is taken u...
- Ordinary Practice Of Forging. Part 4
- It is usual in punching holes through thick pieces, to throw a little coal-dust into the hole when it is partly made, to prevent the punch sticking in so fast as it otherwise would: the punch generall...
- Section IV. - General Examples Of Welding
- THE former illustrations of forging have been principally descriptive of such works as could be made from a single bar iron, on purpose that the examples to be advanced in welding or joining together ...
- General Examples Of Welding. Continued
- Of the last kind, fig. 111, page 216, may be taken as an example, in which the parts have no disposition to separate; in this and similar cases the smith often leaves the parts slightly open, in order...
- Tubes For Gas. - Russell's Patent Tube
- The breech ends of the musket-barrels were broached and tapped, and the muzzles were screwed externally, to connect the two without detached sockets. From the rapid increase of gas illumination, the o...
- Tubes For Gas. - Russell's Patent Tube. Continued
- The succeeding illustration of the practice of forging will be that of the formation of a hatchet, figs. 124 and 125, which like many similar tools is made by doubling the iron around a mandrel, to fo...
- Section V. - Concluding Remarks On Forging ', And The Applications Of Heading Tools, Swage Tools, Punches, Etc
- With the utmost care and unlimited space, it would have been quite impossible to have conveyed the instructions called for, in forging the thousand varieties of tools, and parts of mechauism the smith...
- Chapter XII. Harwening And Tempering Section I. - General View Of The Subject
- When the malleable metals are hammered, or rolled, they generally increase in hardness, in elasticity, and in density or specific gravity; which effects are produced simply from the closer approximati...
- Section II. - Practice Of Hardening And Tempering Steel
- It may perhaps be truly said, that upon no one subject connected with mechanical art does there exist such a contrariety of opinion, not unmixed with prejudice, as upon that of hardening and tempering...
- Practice Of Hardening And Tempering Steel. Continued
- * It is a common and excellent practice amongst the Sheffield workmen to use coke both in forging and hardening steel goods. They frequently prepare it for themaelves, either upon the forge hearth or ...
- Heat For Tempering
- He that will a good Edge win. Must Forge thick and Grind thin. Thirdly, the heat for tempering or letting down. Between the extreme conditions of hard and soft steel there are many intermediate ...
- Section III. - Common Examples of Hardening And Tempering Steel
- Watchmakers' drills of the smallest kinds, are heated in the blue part of the flame of the candle; larger drills are heated with the blow-pipe flame, applied very obliquely, and a little below the poi...
- Common Examples of Hardening And Tempering Steel. Continued
- Twenty pounds of beef suet rendered; One gallon of neats-foot oil; One pound of pitch: Three pounds of black resin. These two last articles must be previously melted together, and then a...
- Section IV. - Less Common Examples Of Hardening, And Precautionary Measures
- One of the most serious evils in hardening steel, especially in thick blocks, or those which are unequally thick and thin, is their liability to crack, from the sudden transition; and in reference to ...
- Less Common Examples Of Hardening, And Precautionary Measures. Continued
- Mr. Perkins's admirable process of transfer engraving may be thus explained. A soft steel plate was first engraved with the required subject in the most finished style of art, either by hand o...
- Section V. Hardening And Softening Cast Iron
- The similitude of chemical constitution between steel, which usually contains about one per cent, of carbon, and cast-iron that has from three to six or seven per cent., naturally leads to the expecta...
- Section VI. - Case-Hardening Wrought And Cast-Iron
- The property of hardening is not possessed by pure malleable iron; but I have now to explain a rapid and partial process of cementation, by which wrought-iron is first converted exteriorly into steel,...
- Chapter XIII. The Metals And Alloys Most Commonly Used
- The thirteen metals before referred to have now to be considered, namely, Antimony, Bismuth, Copper, Gold, Lead, Mercury, Nickel, Palladium, Platinum, Rhodium, Silver, Tin, and Zinc. Unlike iron and s...
- Description Of The Physical Character And Cases Of The Metals And Alloys Commonly Exployed In The Mechanical And Useful Arts
- N. B. - The Ant paragraph upon each metal is extracted from A Mannal of Chemistry, by Willam Thomas Brande, Esq., of Her Msjesy's Mint, F.R.S., etc. Edition 1841. Note. - The alloys are in genera...
- Antimony
- ANTIMONY is of a silvery white colour, brittle and crystalline in its ordinary texture. It fuses at about 800, or at a dull red beat, and is volatile at a white heat Its specific gravity is 6712....
- Bismuth. Bismuth Alloys
- BISMUTH is a brittle white metal with a slight tint of red: its specific gravity is 9.822 (Hatchett, Phill Trans. 1808.) It fuses at 476o (Crchton) 507o. (Rudberg), and always crystallises on cooli...
- Copper. Copper Alloys
- COPPER, with the exception of titanium, is the only metal which has a red colour: it has much lustre, is very malleable and ductile, and exhales a peculiar smell when warmed or rubbed. It melts at a b...
- Copper. Copper Alloys. Part 2
- 12 oz. Spelter-solder for copper and iron is sometimes made in this proportion; for brass work, the metals are generally mixed in equal parts. See 16 oz. 12 oz. Pale yellow metal, fit for dipping i...
- Copper. Copper Alloys. Part 3
- See Dr. Edward's Paper on Speculums, published in the Nautical Almanack, 1787, reprinted in Gill's Technological Repository, vol. i. p. 240, and 264. See likewise Lord Oxmantown's Paper, Trans. Royal ...
- Copper. Copper Alloys. Part 4
- Pot Metal (copper and lead) is improved by the addition of tin, and the three metals will mix in almost any proportions: when the tin predominates, the alloy so much the more nearly approaches the con...
- Gold. Gold Alloys
- GOLD is of a deep and peculiar yellow colour. It melts at a bright red heat equivalent, according to Daniell, to 2016o of Fahrenheit's scale, and when in fusion appears of a brilliant greenish colour....
- Gold. Gold Alloys. Continued
- Solder for 22 carat gold: 1 dwt. 0 grs. of 22 carat gold. 2 grs. ...
- Lead. Lead Alloys
- LEAD appears to have bean known in the earliest ages of the world. Its colour is bluish white; it baa much brilliancy, is remarkably flexible and soft, and leaves a black streak on paper: when handled...
- Mercury
- MERCURY is a brilliant white metal, having much of the colour of silver, whence the terms hydrargyrum, argentum vivum, and quicksilver. It has been known from very remote ages. It is liquid at all com...
- Nickel. Nickel Alloys
- NICKEL is a white brilliant metal, which acts upon the magnetic needle, an itself capable of becoming a magnet. Its magnetism is more feeble than that of iron, and vanishes at a heat somewhat below re...
- Palladium
- PALLADIUM is of a dull-white colour, malleable and ductile. Its specific gravity is about 11.3, or 11-86 when laminated. It fuses at a temperature above that required for the fusion of gold. (Brande, ...
- Platinum. Platinum Alloys
- PLATINUM is a white metal extremely difficult of fusion, and unaltered by the joint action of heat and air. It varies in density from 21 to 21.5, according to the degree of mechanical compression whic...
- Rhodium
- RHODIUM is a white metal very difficult of fusion: its specific gravity is about 11: it is extremely hard. When pure the acids do not dissolve it (Brandt, 1001.) Rhodium was discovered in 1803 by D...
- Silver. Silver Alloys
- SILVER is of a more pure white than any other metal; it has considerable brilliancy, and takes a high polish. Its specific gravity varies between 104, which is the density of cast silver, and 10.5 to ...
- Tin. Tin Alloys
- TIN has a silvery white colour with a slight tint of yellow; it is malleable, though sparingly ductile. Common tin-foil, which is obtained by beating out the metal, is not more than 1-1000th of an inc...
- Zinc. Zinc Alloys
- Zinc, which is commercially known as Spelter, although it is always brittle when cast, has of late yean taken its place amongst the malleable metals; the early stages of its manufacture into sheet,...
- Remarks on Tredgold's Tables of Cohesion
- The following tables are a part of those upon the strength of materials, collected by Tredgold; they arc transcribed literatim from Vol. 50 of the Philosophical Magazine, p. 421 - 3. (1817.) They w...
- Chapter XIV. Remarks On The Characters Of The Metals And Alloys. Section I. - Hardness, Fracture, And Colour of Alloys
- The object of the present chapter, is to explain in a general way some of the peculiarities and differences amongst alloys, in the manner of a supplement to the list; prior to entering in the next cha...
- Section II. - Malleability And Ductility Of Alloys
- The malleability and ductility of alloys are in a great measure referable to the degrees in which the metals of which they are respectively composed, possess these characters. Lead and tin are mall...
- Section III. - Strength Or Cohesion Of Alloys
- THE strength or cohesion of the alloys, is in general greatly superior to that of any of the metals of which they are composed. For example, on comparing some of the numbers of the table, on pages 288...
- Table For Converting Decimal Proportions Into Divisions Of The Pound Avoirdupois
- Decimal. oz. dr. .78 1 1.56 2 2.34 3 ...
- Section IV. - Fusibility Of Alloys
- In concluding this slight view of some of the general characters of alloys, it remains to consider the influence of heat, both as an agent in their formation, and as regards the degree in which it is ...
- Chapter XV. Melting And Mixing The Metals. Section I. - The Various Furnaces, Etc., For Melting The Metals
- The subject upon which we have now to enter consists of two principal divisions, namely, the melting and combining of the metals, and the formation of the moulds into which the fluid metals are to be ...
- Section II. - Observations On The Management Of The Furnace, And On Mixing Alloys
- The fuel for the brass furnace is always hard coke, which is prepared in ovens and broken into lumps about the size of hens' eggs: in lighting the fire, a bundle of shavings, chips of cork, or any sim...
- Observations On The Management Of The Furnace, And On Mixing Alloys. Part 2
- In Lardner's Cyclopedia. Manufactures in Metal, Vol. III., p. 103, it states: The composition of Britannia metal is as follows: - 3 1/2 cwt. of best block tin; 28 lbs. of martial regulus of antimo...
- Observations On The Management Of The Furnace, And On Mixing Alloys. Part 3
- In collecting the several alloys given at pages 265 to 286, especially those of copper, I found great difficulty in reconciling many of the statements derived from books; and therefore, to place the m...
- Chapter XVI. Catting And Founding. Section I. - General Remarks. Metallic Moulds
- We are indebted to the fusibility of the metals, for the power of giving them with great facility and perfection, any required form, by pouring them whilst in the fluid state into moulds of various ki...
- Catting And Founding. Section I. - General Remarks. Metallic Moulds. Continued
- Figs. 142 to 145 represent the moulds for casting pewter inkstands: these moulds are a little more complex, and are each made in four parts; the black portions represent the sections of the inkst...
- Section II. - Plaster Of Paris Moulds And Sand Moulds
- Other examples of metallic moulds might be given, but there are far more frequent cases in which one single casting is alone required; or else the number is so small, or the pieces themselves are so l...
- Section III. - Patterns, Moulds, And Moulding Simple Objects
- The perfection of castings depends much on the skill of the pattern-maker, who should thoroughly understand the practice of the moulder, or he is liable to make the patterns in such a manner that they...
- Patterns, Moulds, And Moulding Simple Objects. Part 2
- * The brass-fouunders' and and loam used in the metropolis are principally obtained from Hampatead, the iron-founder's sand from Lewiaham likewise. sometimes they are more or less dried upon the fa...
- Patterns, Moulds, And Moulding Simple Objects. Part 3
- The top board is afterwards taken off, the clean surface of moist sand then exposed, is well dustsd over with red brick-dust crushed fine and contained in a linen bag: the mouth of the bag is held in ...
- Section IV. - Moulding Cored Works
- IF the objects to be cast require to be so moulded that when they leave the sand they may contain one or several holes, they are said to be corded, and in cases a variety of methods are practised for ...
- Section V. - Reversing And Figure Casting
- Supposing that an ornament, represented in section in fig. 176, has been modelled in relief, either in clay or wax upon a Hat board, from which a thin casting in brass is wanted without the tablet, th...
- Section VI. - Filling The Moulds
- Having traced the formation of various kinds of moulds for brass work, we must now return to the furnace to see if the metal is in condition to be poured, which is indicated by the slight wasting of t...
- Chapter XVII. Casting And Pounding Concluded. Section I. - Iron-Founders' Flasks, And Sand Moulds
- The process of moulding works in sand is essentially the same both for brass and iron castings; but the very great magnitude of many of the latter gives rise to several differences in the methods: it ...
- Casting And Pounding Concluded. Section I. - Iron-Founders' Flasks, And Sand Moulds. Continued
- It would be a useless repetition to enter into the details of moulding ordinary iron-works; but from the horizontal position of the flasks it is necessary that the part of the work which is required t...
- Section II. - Remarks On Patterns For Iron Castings
- The construction of patterns for iron castings, requires not only the observance of all the particulars conveyed on pages 327 to 329, but in addition, the large size of the models, the peculiar met...
- Section III. - Loam Moulding
- FigS. 192,193, and 194, are intended to illustrate this process as regards a steam cylinder. Fig. 192 is the entire section of the mould in its first stage; figs. 193 and 194 are the half sections of ...
- Loam Moulding. Continued
- The perforated tube, (serving as the mandrel,) is first wound round with haybands, then covered with loam, and the core is turned, dried and blackwashed; the thickness is now laid on and also blackwas...
- Section IV. - Melting And Pouring Iron
- IRON is usually melted in a blast furnace, or, as it is more commonly called, a cupola; although the cupola or dome leading * The author of the article Founding, in the Encyclopedia Metropolitans, ...
- Melting And Pouring Iron. Part 2
- When the principal object is to obtain sound castings with a very smooth face, as for ornamental works not afterwards wrought, the soft kinds of iron containing most carbon, which are most fusible and...
- Melting And Pouring Iron. Part 3
- The crane-ladle is carried from the furnace to the mould by the swinging and traversing motions of the crane, which is similar to those used at the iron forges, etc. (see p. 196,) and in very the air....
- Melting And Pouring Iron. Part 4
- A far greater number of works arc cast in close moulds, and in the horizontal position; the proportionate quantity of metal is carried to them in ladles, skimmers are held to the lips of the moulds at...
- Chapter XVIII. Works In Sheet Metal, Made By Joining. Section I - On Malleability, Etc.; Division Of The Subject
- The process of casting which has been recently considered under so great a variety of forms, is one of the most valuable courses of preparation to which the metallic materials are submitted. In the fo...
- Section II. - Works In Sheet Metal, Made By Cutting, Bending And Joining
- Every one in early life, has made the first step towards the acquirement of the various arts of working in sheet metal, in the simple process of making a box or tray of card; namely, by doubling up th...
- Works In Sheet Metal, Made By Cutting, Bending And Joining. Part 2
- In all other regular polygonal vessels, the new ordinates will be reduced for figures of 8,10, 12 sides, in the same proportions as the sides of these respective polygons bear to the radii of their ci...
- Works In Sheet Metal, Made By Cutting, Bending And Joining. Part 3
- The anvil used by the coppersmith and similar workmen is usually square, say from six. to eight inches on every side; and the smaller anvils which are called stakes, and also teests, are of progressiv...
- Section III. - Angle And Surface Joints
- The next steps to be considered, appear to be the methods of uniting the edges of the vessels after they have been cut and bent to meet in angles, curves or plane surfaces; the principal modes of acco...
- Chapter XIX. Works In Sheet Metal, Made By Raising. Section I. - Circular Works Spun In The Lathe
- The former examples have only called into action so small an amount of the malleable or gliding property of the metals, that all the forms referred to could be produced in pasteboard, a material nearl...
- Circular Works Spun In The Lathe. Part 2
- For instance, a hollow ball six inches diameter is made of two circular pieces of copper, each seven and a half inches diameter: now calling the original circumference of the disk twenty-two and a hal...
- Circular Works Spun In The Lathe. Part 3
- The hollow blows given around the edge, as in fig. 263, would have the effect of curling up or raising the edge, first as a saucer 270 and then into a cylindrical form 271; provided that by the ski...
- Circular Works Spun In The Lathe. Part 4
- The outer curve a a, fig. 274, p. 402, which represents the copper dish when the puckers have been removed, will not be sent into the hemispherical form, or the inner line d d, at one process, but wil...
- Circular Works Spun In The Lathe. Part 5
- Vases in the shape of an earthen oil jar, or of the line l d n, fig. 278, could be made from a cone such as op, with a bottom soldered in: these preparations would save the work of the hammer, althoug...
- Section III. - Peculiarities In The Tools And Methods
- Before concluding the remarks on raised works, it may be desirable to revert to some of the principal and distinguishing features of the tools employed in these arts. As a general rule, it will be obs...
- Section IV. The Principles And Practice Of Flattening Thin Plates Of Metal With The Hammer
- I have purposely reserved this subject for a distinct section, on account of its great general importance in the arts, and have placed it last, in order that the various applications of the hammer mig...
- The Principles And Practice Of Flattening Thin Plates Of Metal With The Hammer. Part 2
- On the contrary, those parts which arc intermediate between the bulges, feel tight and tense under the fingers, because they are stretched in their positions and rendered comparatively straight, by th...
- The Principles And Practice Of Flattening Thin Metal Plates With The Hammer. Part 3
- It may happen in the course of the hammering that from b to b, becomes loose, whilst the extreme edge a a, is also loose, and that the intermediate part towards b, requires to be stretched. These mino...
- Chapter XX. Processes Dependent On Ductility. Section I. - Drawing Wires, Etc
- THE ductility of many of the metals and alloys, or the quality which allows them to be drawn into wire, is applied to a variety of curious uses in the manufacturing arts, and the process may be viewed...
- Processes Dependent On Ductility. Section I. - Drawing Wires, Etc. Continued
- Manufacturers in Metal, chapters XIV. and .of which contain much information on wire-drawing and wire-working. * In actual practice, the riddle is made wider than represented, so as to contain abou...
- Section II. - Drawing Metal Tubes
- The perfection of tubes is mainly dependent on the drawing process, conducted in a manner similar to that employed for drawing wire. Many of the brass tubes for common purposes, when they have been be...
- Chapter XXI. Soldering. Section I. - General Remarks, And Tabular View
- Soldering is the process of uniting the edges or surfaces of similar or dissimilar metals and alloys by partial fusion. In general, alloys or solders of various and greater degrees of fusibility than ...
- Hard Soldering
- Applicable to nearly all metals less fusible titan the solders; the modes of treatment nearly similar throughout. The hard solders most commonly used are the spelter solders, and silver solders. Th...
- Soft-Soldering
- Applicable to nearly all the metals; the modes of treatment very differ The soft-solder mostly used, is 2 parts tin and 1 part lead; sometimes from mot of economy much more lead is employed, and 1 1/2...
- Section II. - The Modes Of Applying Heat In Soldering
- The modes of heating works for soldering are extremely varied, and depend jointly upon the magnitude of the objects, the general or local manner in which they are to be soldered, and the fusibility of...
- The Modes Of Applying Heat In Soldering. Continued
- The most intense heat of the common blowpipe is that of the pointed flame; with a thick wax candle, and a blowpipe with a small aperture placed slightly within the flame, the mineralogist succeeds in ...
- Section III. - Examples Of Hard-Soldering
- It was mentioned in the tabular view, that the several works united with hard solders, receive nearly the same treatment; a few examples will therefore serve to convey a general idea of hard-soldering...
- Section IV.-Examples Of Soft-Soldering
- In this section the employment of the less fusible of the soft-solders will be first noticed; the plumbers' sealed solder, 2 parts lead and 1 of tin, melts at about 440 F.; the usual or fine tin-...
- Soft-Soldering With The Blowpipe
- Small Works are sometimes united by cleaning the respective surfaces, moistening them with sal-ammoniac water, or applying the dry powder or resin, then placing between the pieces a slip of tin foil, ...
- Section V. - Soldering Per Se, Or Burning Together
- This principally differs from ordinary soldering, in the circumstance that the uniting or intermediate metal is the same as those to be joined, and that in general no fluxes are employed. The metho...
- Soldering Per Se, Or Burning Together. Continued
- To conclude the description of soldering processes, we have to refer to figure 314, which represents the airo-hydrogen blowpipe invented in France by the Count de Richemont; it is in a great me...
- Appendix. Vol 1
- During the period in which this Volume has been paring through the prat, tome new matters hating rotation to tit page* have been published; a few of them art here noticed, and by aid of the references...
- Appendix. Vol 1. Continued
- Note D, page 284. Experiments on the Tenacity of Wrought Iron, by Mr. James Nasmyth, C. E. - Communicated to the Meeting of the British Association, Manchester, 1842. Mr. Nasmyth commences by ...
- Advertisements. Vol 1
- WORKS PUBLISHED BY HOLTZAPFFEL & Co. 64, Charimg Croat, and 127, Long Acre, London. A NEW SYSTEM OF SCALES OF EQUAL PARTS; Applicable to various purposes of Engineering, Architectural, and Gener...
- Advertisements. Vol 1. Part 2
- A series of 24 Scales for showing the comparative bulks and weights of equal quantities of the metals, woods, stones, and materials principally used in the arts. Contraction Rules, used in making foun...
- Advertisements. Vol 1. Part 3
- No. 64, Charing Cross, October, 1844. HOLTZAPFFEL AND CO.'S GENERAL CATALOGUE, 1844. COMPLETE LATHES, DESCRIPTIONS ONE TO EIGHTEEN. The greater number of the Lathes Descriptions, ...
- Preface To The Second Volume
- IN submitting the second volume of the work on Turning and Mechanical Manipulation to public scrutiny, two subjects call for the Author's especial notice; the delay in its appearance, and the reason f...
- Turning Mechanical Manipulation. Vol. II. The Principles Of Construction, Action, And Application Of Cutting Tools Used By Hand; And Also Of Machines Derived From The Hand Tools. Chapter XXII. General Remarks Upon Cutting Tools. Introduction
- The title of the present volume appears to be sufficiently descriptive without additional explanation, consequently the author will alone offer a few words on the notions which led to the division of ...
- Section I. - The Angles And Positions Of Tools, As Regards The Act Of Cutting
- The section now to be commenced, refers exclusively to the principles and construction of cutting tools, which will be considered in a general manner, and without reference to any particular branches ...
- Section II. - The Forms And Motions Of Tools, As Regards The Production Of Lines, Superficies, And Solids
- The principles of action of all cutting tools, and of some others, whether guided by hand or by machinery, resolve themselves into the simple condition, that the work is the combined copy of the form ...
- The Forms And Motions Of Tools, As Regards The Production Of Lines, Superficies, And Solids. Part 2
- First, by the employment of tools figured to the various shapes, and used with only one motion or traverse; secondly, by the use of figured guides, cams, or shaper-plates, by which the motion is const...
- Forms And Motions Of Tools, As Regards The Production Of Lines, Superficies, Solids. Part 3
- When the lathe is employed under the most advantageous circumstances to produce the various geometrical solids or figures, the tool is placed under the guidance of a ruler or rather of a slide, by whi...
- Chapter XXIII. Chisels And Planes. Section I. - Introduction; Bench Planes
- If we drive an axe, or a thin wedge, into the center of a block of wood, as at a, fig. 318, it will split the same into two parts through the natural line of the fibres, leaving rough uneven surfaces,...
- Chisels And Planes. Section I. - Introduction; Bench Planes. Part 2
- Fig. 319. Thus, although convex surfaces, such as the outside of a hoop, may be wrought by any of the straight planes, applied in the direction of a tangent as at a, it is obvious the concave ...
- Chisels And Planes. Section I. - Introduction; Bench Planes. Part 3
- Fig. 321 represents, one-eighth the full size, a very effective plane, which is commonly used on the continent for roughing out, or as our jack plane, the horn h, being intended for the left hand, whi...
- Chisels And Planes. Section I. - Introduction; Bench Planes. Part 4
- The same edge may be obtained by a blade with a single chamfer the flat side of which is placed in either of the dotted positions of fig. 326. The first, or b, is that previously in common use in the ...
- Section II. - Grooving Planes
- We may plane across the grain of hard mahogany and boxwood with comparative facility, as the fibres are packed so closely, like the loose leaves of a book when squeezed in a press, that they may be cu...
- Section III. - Moulding Planes
- All the planes hitherto considered, whether used parallel with the surfaces, as in straight works, or as tangents to the cur\ as in curved works, are applied under precisely the same circumstances, as...
- Moulding Planes. Part 2
- As all the imperfections in the actions of moulding-planes occur at the vertical parts, there is a general attempt to avoid these difficulties by keeping the mouldings flat or nearly without vertical ...
- Moulding Planes. Part 3
- The two side screws c, d,constitute with the the chop e, a kind of vice screw c, simply compresses, the screw d, has a piece f, called a garter (shown detached), which enters a groove in the cylindric...
- Moulding Planes. Part 4
- The cutting iron having been sharpened, the top-iron is screwed fast at the required distance from the edge, say for coarse works one -sixteenth, and for fine work, one fortieth or fiftieth of an inch...
- Moulding Planes. Part 5
- Figs. 354. 355. Nearly all the works in carpentry are first prepared as parallelograms of various proportions, whether they are to be subsequently used in that simple form, or to be wo...
- Section V. - Planing Machines For Wood
- In using hand-tools the instrument rests immediately upon the face of the work under formation; and in repeating any one result, the same careful attention is again required in every successive piece....
- Chapter XXIV. Turning-Tools. Section I. - Facility Of Turning Compared With Carpentry
- The process of turning is accomplished with considerably more facility, truth, and expedition, than any other process requiring cutting tools, because in the most simple application of the art, the gu...
- Section II. - Turning Tools For Soft Wood
- Angle 20 to 30. - Figures generally half-size. The tools most generally used for turning the soft woods, are the gouge and chisel, figs. 362 to 365, wherein they are shown of one-fourth t...
- Section III. - Turning Tools For Hard Wood And Ivory
- Angle 40 to 80. - Figures generally half size. The gouge is the preparatory tool for the hard as well as for the soft woods, but it is then ground less acutely; the soft-wood chisel may i...
- Section IV. - Turning Tools For Brass
- Angles 70 to 90. - Figures generally the same as the tools for hard wood. The turning-tools for brass are in general simple, and nearly restricted to round, point, flat, right and left si...
- Section V. - Turning Tools For Iron, Steel, Etc
- Angles 60 to 90 deg. - Figuers generally one-sixth the full size. The triangular tool is one of the most effective in turning these metals, as was adverted to at page 521; the triangular tool is al...
- Heel-Tools For Iron
- For instance, the heel-tool, which is used for rough turning the metals, is represented of the full size in the side-view, fig. 415, and the front-view, fig. 416, and also on a smaller scale in figs. ...
- Section VI. - Fixed Or Machine Tools For Turning And Planing
- Angles at in the hand-tools. - Figuers generally one-fourth to one-eighth the full-size. The performance of fixed tools is, in general, much more effective than that of hand tools; as the rigid gui...
- Fixed Or Machine Tools For Turning And Planing. Part 2
- The fixed tools for brass and for iron, whether used in the lathe or the planing machine, will be considered in one group, the principal difference is, that the tools for brass present an angle of nea...
- Fixed Or Machine Tools For Turning And Planing. Part 3
- Note A. Q, page 983. The a works of the lathe and planing-machine frequently present angles or rebates, chamfers, grooves, and under-cut lines, which require that the tool should be bent about...
- Fixed Or Machine Tools For Turning And Planing. Part 4
- * The prismatic cutters admit of the usual variations of shape: sometiines two binding screws are used, and occasionally a tail screw, to receive the direct strain of the cut. When the blades are only...
- Chapter XXV. Boring Tools. Section I. - Boring Bits For Wood
- The process of boring holes may be viewed as an inversion of that of turning; generally the work remains at rest, and the tool is revolved and advanced. Many of the boring and drilling tools have angu...
- Boring Tools. Section I. - Boring Bits For Wood. Continued
- The expanding center-bit, shown on a much smaller scale in fig. 460, is a very useful instrument; it has a central stem with a conical point, and across the end of the stem is fitted a transverse bar,...
- Section II. - Drills For Metal, Used By Hand
- The frequent necessity in metal works, for the operation of drilling holes, which are required of all sizes and various degrees of accuracy, has led to so very great a variety of modes of performing t...
- Drills For Metal, Used By Hand. Continued
- In all the drills previously described, except fig. 474, the size of the point is lessened each time of sharpening; but to avoid this loss of size, a small part is often made parallel, as shown in fig...
- Section III - Methods Of Working Drills By Hand Power
- The smallest holes are those required in watch-work, and the general form of the drill is shown on a large scale in fig. 488; it is made of a piece of steel wire, which is tapered off at the one end, ...
- Section III - Methods Of Working Drills By Hand Power. Part 2
- Figs. 489. Drills arc also frequently used in the drilling-lathe; this is a miniature lathe-head, the frame of which is fixed in the table vice; the mandrel is pierced for the drills, and has ...
- Section III - Methods Of Working Drills By Hand Power. Part 3
- Fig. 496 will serve to show the general character, of various constructions of more modern apparatus, to be used for supplying the pressure in drilling holes with hand braces. It consists of a cylindr...
- Section IV. - Drilling And Boring Machines
- The motion of the lathe-mandrel is particularly proper for giving action to the various single-cutting drills referred to; they arc then fixed in square or round hole drill-chucks which screw upon the...
- Drilling And Boring Machines. Part 2
- Fig. 509, in common with all drills that cut on the side, may, by improper direction, cut sideways, making the hole above the intended diameter; but when the hole has been roughly bored with a common ...
- Drilling And Boring Machines. Part 3
- * Probably no individual has originated so many useful varieties of drilling-machines, as Mr. Richard Roberts, of the firm of Sharp, Roberts, and Co., Manchester. Drilling-machines of these kinds a...
- Section V. - Broaches For Making Taper Holes
- The tools for making taper holes are much less varied than the drills and boring tools for cylindrical holes. Thus the carpenter employs only the rimer, which is a fluted tool like the generality of h...
- Chapter XXVI. Screw-Cutting Tools. Section I. - Introductory Remarks
- An elementary idea of the form of the screw, or helix, is obtained by considering it as a continuous circular wedge; and it is readily modelled by wrapping a wedge-formed piece of paper around a cylin...
- Section II. - On Originating Screws
- It appears more than probable, that in the earliest attempts at making a screw, a sloping piece of paper was cemented around the iron cylinder; this oblique line was cut through with a stout knife or ...
- Section III. - On Cutting Internal Screws, With Screw-Taps
- The screw is converted into the tap, by the removal of parts of its circumference, in order to give to the exposed edges a cutting action; whilst the circular parts which remain, serve for the guidanc...
- On Cutting Internal Screws, With Screw-Taps. Part 2
- The principle of chamfering, or relieving the taps, must not however, be carried to excess, or it will lead to mischief; in explanation of which the diagrams 544, 545, and 546 may be considered p...
- On Cutting Internal Screws, With Screw-Taps. Part 3
- Taps are used in various ways according to the degree of strength required to move them. The smallest taps should have considerable length, and should be fixed exactly in the axis of straight handles;...
- Section IV. - On Cutting External Screws, With Screw Dies, Etc
- For the convenience of arrangement, this section will be commenced with the description of the instrument which is commonly employed for making long screws in the soft woods, namely, the screw box, of...
- On Cutting External Screws, With Screw Dies, Etc. Part 2
- The diestock, in common with other general tools, has received a great many modifications that it would be useless to trace in greater detail, than so far as respects the varieties in common use, or t...
- On Cutting External Screws, With Screw Dies, Etc. Part 3
- The figures show the original taps, master taps, or cutters, from which the dies, figs. 573, 575, and 577, are respectively made; and in each of the three diagrams, the dies a are supposed to be in th...
- On Cutting External Screws, With Screw Dies, Etc. Part 4
- In beginning the screw, the die a, serves as a bed with guiding edges, these indent without cutting, and also agree at the first start, with the full diameter of the bolt; with the gradual reduct...
- On Cutting External Screws, With Screw Dies, Etc. Part 5
- * See Trans. Soc of Arts, vol. xliii., p. 127; this scheme is referred to likewise in the foot-note on page 581 of this volume. Some methods of making the same taps and dies, serve for cutting eith...
- On Cutting External Screws, With Screw Dies, Etc. Part 6
- In the patent dicstocks the cutting is so much facilitated, that the labour is reduced perhaps to less than the half of that required with the old-fashioned and nearly semicircular dies, fig. 678; hut...
- Section V. - On Screws Cut By Hand In The Common Lathe
- real numbers of screws arc required in works of wood, ivory and metal, that cannot be cut with the taps and dies, or the other apparatus hitherto considered. This arises from the nature of the materia...
- Section VI. - On Cutting Screws In Lathes With Traversing Mandrels
- One of the oldest, most simple, and general apparatus for cutting short screws in the lathe, by means of a mechanical guidance, is the screw-mandrel or traversing-mandrel, which appears to have been k...
- Section VII. - On Cutting Screws In Lathes With Traversing Tools
- A great number of the engines for cutting screws, and also of the other shaping and cutting engines now commonly used, are clearly to be traced to a remote date, so far as their principles are concern...
- On Cutting Screws In Lathes With Traversing Tools. Part 2
- The apparatus now referred to is that invented by Mr. Healey of Dublin, an amateur; * it is universal, or capable within certain limits of cutting all kinds of screws, either right or left handed, and...
- On Cutting Screws In Lathes With Traversing Tools. Part 3
- The smaller and most simple application of the system of change wheels for producing screws, is shown in fig. 599. The work is attached to the mandrel of the lathe by means of a chuck to which is also...
- On Cutting Screws In Lathes With Traversing Tools. Part 4
- The arrangement for the change wheels of a screw-cutting lathe given in fig. 603, resembles the mode frequently adopted. The guide-screw extends through the middle of the bed, and projects at the e...
- On Cutting Screws In Lathes With Traversing Tools. Part 5
- 24 X 20 X 1 = 480 or reduced to its lowest terms 1 60 X 72 ...
- On Cutting Screws In Lathes With Traversing Tools. Part 6
- * Mr. Clement considers the many points to act with less risk than the single point, because in the processes of hardening, first the hob and then the screw tool, they both become slightly enlarged, o...
- On Cutting Screws In Lathes With Traversing Tools. Part 7
- In cutting screws in the turning lathe the tool only cuts as it traverses in the one direction; therefore whilst the cutter is moved backwards, or in the reverse direction, for the succeeding cut, it ...
- Section VIII. - Various Modes Of Originating And Improving Screws, Including Those Of Ramsden, Maudslay, Barton, Allan, Clembnt, And Others
- The improvement of the screw has given rise to many valuable schemes and modes of practice, which have not been noticed in the foregoing sections, notwithstanding their collective length. These practi...
- Various Modes Of Originating And Improving Screws, Including Those Of Ramsden, Maudslay, Barton, Allan, Clembnt, And Others. Part 2
- The handle h, gives rotation to the work; and at the same time, by means of the rack r r, and the pinion fixed on its axis, the handle traverses a slide which carries on its upper surface a bar i; the...
- Various Modes Of Originating And Improving Screws. Part 3
- Mr. Ramsden employed a more complex apparatus in originating the screw of his dividing engine for straight lines, which it was essential should contain exactly 20 threads in the inch; a condition unca...
- Maudslay's Methods Of Originating Screws
- In a subsequent and stronger machine, the bar carrying the mandrel stood lower than the other, to admit of larger change wheels upon it, and the same driving gear was retained. And in another structur...
- Maudslay's Methods Of Originating Screws. Part 2
- * The apparatus was fitted to the second screw-lathe of those described, and the inclined bar was placed on temporary woodon standards, Subsequently Sir J. Barton, Comptroller of the Mint, etc...
- Maudslay's Methods Of Originating Screws. Part 3
- 5. A large and a small master-tap m, fig. 613, were cut on the traversing mandrel with a fixed tool, the threads were about an inch long, and situated in the middle of a shaft eight or ten inches long...
- Maudslay's Methods Of Originating Screws. Part 4
- One very important application of the screw, is to the gradua-tion of mathematical scales, the screw is then employed to move a platform, which slides very freely, and carries the scale to be graduate...
- Maudslay's Methods Of Originating Screws. Part 5
- It would now be needful to divide the whole into three parts, by the comparison of the spaces from 0 to 16, from 16 to 32, and from 32 to 48, the points 16 and 32, being adjusted until exactly equal, ...
- Section IX. - Screw Threads Considered In Respect To Their Proportions, Forms, And General Characters
- The proportions given to screws employed for attaching together the different parts of work, are in nearly every case arbitrary, or in other words, they are determined almost by experience alone rathe...
- Measures And Relative Strengths Of The Screws
- Fig. 614 Fig. 615 Fig. 616 Fig. 617 External diameters in hundredths of an inch... 75 75 ...
- Measures And Relative Strengths Of The Screws. Part 2
- Fig. 618. The nut of a 3/4-inch screw bolt is usually 3/4 inch thick, as it is considered that when the threads are in good contact, and collectively equal to the diameter of the bolt, that th...
- Measures And Relative Strengths Of The Screws. Part 3
- From these reasons, the square thread is commonly selected for presses, and for regulating screws, especially those in which rapidity of pitch, combined with strength, is essential; but as regards the...
- Measures And Relative Strengths Of The Screws. Part 4
- The choice of section is collectively governed: First, by the facility of construction, in which the plain angular thread excels. Secondly, by the best resistance to strain, which is obtained in the s...
- Measures And Relative Strengths Of The Screws. Part 5
- Tangent screws are occasionally double, triple, or quadruple, in order that 2, 3, or 4 teeth of the wheel may be moved during each revolution of the screw. In the Piedmont silk-mills, this principle i...
- Measures And Relative Strengths Of The Screws. Part 6
- Table for Small Screw of Fine Angular Threads.* Diameters in vulgar fractions of the inch 1/2 15/32 7/16 13/32 3/5 11/3...
- Measures And Relative Strengths Of The Screws. Part 7
- About one-third of these sizes have been constantly used, up to the present time, both by II. & Co., and by other persons to whom copies of these screw tackles have been supplied, and consequently man...
- Measures And Relative Strengths Of The Screws. Part 8
- In respect to screws, the instrument, the size of which claims the most importance, is perhaps the plug-tap, or that which removes the last portion of the material, and therefore determines the diamet...
- Measures And Relative Strengths Of The Screws. Part 9
- A patent was taken out in 1839 by Mr. Wilks, for making both the boxes and screws of tail vices and presses in malleable cast-iron. The peculiarities in the moulding processes are that the core for th...
- Measures And Relative Strengths Of The Screws. Part 10
- Should it appear that the formation of the screw has been treated in greater detail than the other subjects with which it is associated, either as regards the modes of proceeding or the mechanism empl...
- Chapter XXVII. Saws. Section I. - Division Of The Subject - Forms Of Saw Teeth
- The saw is the instrument which is almost exclusively employed for converting wood, ivory, and various other substances, from their original forms to those shapes required in the arts; and in general,...
- Saws. Section I. - Division Of The Subject - Forms Of Saw Teeth. Continued
- Referring to the preliminary remarks on cutting tools, pages 457 to 468 of the present volume, it will be seen that saws were considered to belong to the group of scraping tools, and that e and f, fig...
- Section II. - Sharpening And Setting Saws
- The processes denominated sharpening and setting a saw, consist, as the names imply, of two distinct operations: the first being that of filing the teeth until their extremities are sharp; the second,...
- Sharpening And Setting Saws. Part 2
- When the file is perfectly square to the saw-plate, every tooth is sharpened exactly alike, and in direct succession, that is, in the order 1, 2, 3, 4. Whenever the file is inclined, the teeth 1, 3 ...
- Sharpening And Setting Saws. Part 3
- The third diagram, fig. 660, may be considered to refer generally to all teeth the angles of which are 60 degrees, (or the same as that of the triangular file,) and that are used for wood. The most co...
- Section III. - Rectilinear Saws Used By Hand
- Rectilinear saws used by hand, are divisible into three groups, as arranged and tabulated on the next page. Table Of The Dimensions of Rectilingar Saws The first column refes to the pages where ...
- Rectilinear Saws Used By Hand. Part 2
- The pit frame-taw, fig. 076, in commonly used for deals, and for such pieces of the foreign hard woods as are small enough to pass between its frame, which is about two feet wide. The frame-sa...
- Rectilinear Saws Used By Hand. Part 3
- The timber is now turned over, or with c to d, fig. 678, uppermost and the end line exactly perpendicular as before. Should the piece be very crooked or high-backed, the sawyer may be unable to see ov...
- Rectilinear Saws Used By Hand. Part 4
- It will be seen that the saws in this group are progressively smaller and finer. The rip-saw has the coarsest teeth, and which are of slight pitch, or mid-way between the upright or cross-cutting teet...
- Rectilinear Saws Used By Hand. Part 5
- In using the hand-saw for preparing hardwood for turning, the log is either laid on the common X-form sawing horse or else it is fixed in the jaws of the tail-vice, which latter mode is generally more...
- Key-Hole And Pruning Saws
- The key-hole or fret saw-blade, 685, which is drawn to the same scale as the last, is held in a saw-pad, or a handle having a stout ferrule with a mortise and screws, so that the blade may be strongly...
- Key-Hole And Pruning Saws. Part 2
- Fig. 688. In a rectangular frame, represented partly finished in fig. 689, the tenons are commonly made on the shorter pieces, called the rails, and the mortises on the longer or the styles, w...
- Key-Hole And Pruning Saws. Part 3
- Dovetailed joints are employed for uniting the ends of boards at right angles to each other, as in boxes, drawers, and numerous other works. The dovetails are made of several forms; thus, fig. 601 is ...
- Key-Hole And Pruning Saws. Part 4
- In fig. 699, sometimes called the secret dovetail, the pins and dovetails are both concealed, as neither of them extend through the work; the saw can be only used at the angle of 45 degrees, either fo...
- Key-Hole And Pruning Saws. Part 5
- 1/4th of an inch. At the first process a notch nearly of the full depth is made in the comb c, and a second notch is commenced; at the next process the notch in advance is deepened, and a third c...
- Key-Hole And Pruning Saws. Part 6
- The Continental frame-saw used abroad for the general purposes of carpentry and cabinet-making, is shown in fig. 708; in the largest of these the blades are about three feet long, one and a half to th...
- Key-Hole And Pruning Saws. Part 7
- Piercing-saw blades commonly measure from 3 to 5 inches long, and they are fixed in very light frames, such as fig. 714, which are from about 2 to 4 inches deep from the saw to the back; in some insta...
- Buhl-Cutter's Sawing Horse
- below, and springs open when left to itself, but is closed by a strut, which is loosely attached to the stool by a tenon and mortise, and rests in a groove in the moveable jaw. When the strut is pulle...
- Buhl-Cutter's Sawing Horse. Continued
- Brass borders, technically known as Vandykes, are worked in narrow slips, and in other respects as above, except that unless a small hole is drilled through the brass and wood for the saw, it is allow...
- Section IV. - Rectilinear, Or Reciprocating, Saw Machines
- Rectilinear sawing machines are for the most part derived from, saws used by hand for similar purposes; and under these circumstances it appears desirable that the machines to be noticed should, so fa...
- Rectilinear, Or Reciprocating, Saw Machines. Part 2
- In the saw invented by Lieutenant J. W. Hood, for cutting through ice, the blade is suspended from the end of a lover, like that of an ordinary hand-pump, and has a heavy weight beneath the ice. The a...
- Rectilinear, Or Reciprocating, Saw Machines. Part 3
- Sawing machines for round timber, arc larger, stronger and somewhat different from the deal frames. The timber-slide moves on fillets or V. V.'s, which are fixed to the floor, and passes between the s...
- Rectilinear, Or Reciprocating, Saw Machines. Part 4
- Mac Duff's buhl saw received the prise of 10/. awarded by Dr. Fellowes: and is fully described in the Mech. Mag, 1880, vol ziii. p. 129; at page 285 of the same volume Mr. Mae Duff has describ...
- Section V. - Common Applications Of Circular Saws To Small Works
- The remainder of the present chapter will be devoted to the consideration of machinery for circular saws; and in treating * See Retrospect of Philosophical Discoveries, 1808, vol. 1V., p. 222. The ...
- Wooden Platform For Saws
- 3. Platforms or tables, and benches. - Wooden platforms em-ployed for supporting the work have sometimes iron stems, and are in fact, extensions of fig. 733, except that they are placed above the cent...
- Sawing Rectangular Pieces
- In sawing up pieces of plank-wood, the broad surfaces left by the pit-saw will in general be found sufficiently accurate for their guidance in that plane, so that the edges alone then require examinat...
- Sawing Rectangular Pieces. Part 2
- When pieces are parallel in one direction and bevilled in the other, they may be cut out without any waste beyond that arising from the passage of the saw. In such cases the work is prepared as a para...
- Sawing Rectangular Pieces. Part 3
- The blocks, when finished, are allowed to dry for some weeks, and are ultimately cut into thin veneers, and glued upon round boxes. Octagons of different patterns are united side by side, and the spac...
- Sawing Rectangular Pieces. Part 4
- Figs. 748. 749. Irregular polygons have frequently the angles alike, hut the sides dissimilar; thus it may be considered that in a, fig. 740, a parallel piece is added between the halv...
- Sawing Rectangular Pieces. Part 5
- A much easier and more accurate way of cutting the second pyramid, is suggested by the author in figs. 757 and 758. The prism is in all cases to be left longer than the two pyramids, the first of whic...
- Sawing Rectangular Pieces. Part 6
- Any other inclination than 35 1/4 degrees produces an oblique hexahedron, or rhomboid, with six equal rhombic faces. For instance, the very dissimilar figures 764, 765, and 766, were cut from hexagona...
- Sawing Rectangular Pieces. Part 7
- The regular trapezohedron may be sawn from the regular octangular prism, by means of two beds, one of them inclined in two directions. The first bed for the frusta of the two central pyramids, is incl...
- Sawing Rectangular Pieces. Part 8
- The cubes are first prepared as described on page 774, and their faces are rubbed smooth; in cutting their edges and angles, beds similar to fig. 779 are required. The latter may be made entirely with...
- Section VI. - Common Applications Of Circular Saws To Large Works
- In the present section, it is proposed to describe the principal points of construction in large circular sawing-benches, such as are in general driven by steam power, and used for various manufacturi...
- Table Of The Dimensions Of Circular Saws
- The columns, Gage of Plate refer to the Birmingham sheet-iron gage: for the comparison of which with ordinary linear measure, see Appendix, page 1013. The columns, Form of Tooth, refer to the...
- Table Of The Dimensions Of Circular Saws. Part 2
- 2. Spindles for circular saws exceeding about one foot diameter. - Saws of this magnitude are seldom used on spindles mounted between pointed centers, as represented on page 754, but on those resembli...
- Table Of The Dimensions Of Circular Saws. Part 3
- In some few cases the long metal bars are dispensed with; iron ears or plates, for two of the centers are then fixed to the wooden fence or rail, and the back centers are similarly attached to the pla...
- Section VII. - Less Common Or Specific Applications Of Circular Saws To Large Works
- It may be considered that in the last section, the remarks on the structure and use of the circular saw-bench, were concluded, so far as concerns its ordinary application to the conversion of timber i...
- Less Common Or Specific Applications Of Circular Saws To Large Works. Part 2
- * See Gregory's Mechanics, 1807, Vol. II, page 328, plate 26. 8. Sawing or cross-cutting the ends of pieces, either square or bevilled; or those in which the angular variations are in the horizonta...
- Less Common Or Specific Applications Of Circular Saws To Large Works. Part 3
- The account further states that ordinary steel saws, toothed all round as usual, were found to heat and choke when thus employed, on account of their being so deeply buried in the wood, the inven...
- Less Common Or Specific Applications Of Circular Saws To Large Works. Part 4
- 11. Sawing Curvilinear Works. - The trephine-saw used in surgery, and represented nearly full size in fig. 796, appears to have been by far the earliest of the circular saws of this kind. It consists ...
- Less Common Or Specific Applications Of Circular Saws To Large Works. Part 5
- Crown-saws, as large as 5 feet diameter and 15 inches deep, constructed somewhat alter the manner of fig. 797, arc employed Messrs. Esdailcs' saw-mills. The three or four pieces of steel thenconsti...
- Section VIII. - Circular Saws And Machinery For Cutting Veneers
- Valuable and beautiful woods are seldom used in the solid state for decorative furniture, but are cut into veneers or thin plates, to be glued upon fabrics made of less expensive woods, an art success...
- Sawing Ivory Veneers For Miniature Leaves
- Saws of six to ten inches, are sometimes used in machines such as that shown on page 756, for very small pieces of ivory veneer and for slicing up wooden mosaic works, but it is more usual to employ l...
- Sawing Ivory Veneers For Miniature Leaves. Part 2
- Fig. 803. The saw is composed, first, of a cast-iron wheel or chuck, with from six to eighteen arms, which are taper, so as to constitute a cone, the thickness of which at the center is about ...
- Sawing Ivory Veneers For Miniature Leaves. Part 3
- Whilst the saw is in the act of cutting, the principal attendant applies a soft deal freeing-stick, on the right and left of the blade beneath the timber, in order to clear the sawdust out of the teet...
- Chapter XXVIII. Files. Section I. - General And Descriptive View Of Piles of Usual Kinds
- The file is a strip or bar of steel, the surface of which is cut into fine points or teeth, that act by a species of cutting, closely allied to abrasion. When the file is rubbed over the material to b...
- Files. Section I. - General And Descriptive View Of Piles of Usual Kinds. Part 2
- In a double-cut file, the thousands of points or teeth occur from two series of straight chisel-cuts crossing each other; in a single-cut file or float, the ridges occur from the one series of chisel-...
- Files. Section I. - General And Descriptive View Of Piles of Usual Kinds. Part 3
- Cotter files are always narrower than hand files of the same length and thickness; they are nearly flat on the sides and edges, so as to present almost the same section at every part of their length, ...
- Files. Section I. - General And Descriptive View Of Piles of Usual Kinds. Part 4
- Names of some of the Files, corresponding with the Sections A to Z. (represented on page 821). A. - Square files, both parallel and taper, some with one safe side;...
- Files. Section I. - General And Descriptive View Of Piles of Usual Kinds. Part 5
- * The teeth of some single cut files are much loss inclined than 55 degrees, those of floats are in general square across the instrument. Eight courses of cuts are required to complete a double-cut...
- Files. Section I. - General And Descriptive View Of Piles of Usual Kinds. Part 6
- The tangs are now softened to prevent their fracture; this is done either by grasping the tang in a pair of heated tongs, or by means of a bath of lead contained in an iron vessel with a perforated co...
- Files. Section I. - General And Descriptive View Of Piles of Usual Kinds. Part 7
- Cabinet-makers sometimes fix the file to a block of wood to serve for the grasp, and use it as a plane. Thus mounted, the file may also be very conveniently used on a shooting board, in filing the edg...
- Section II. - General And Descriptive View Of Files Of Less Usual Kinds
- Notwithstanding the great diversity in the files alluded to in the foregoing section, it is to be remarked that all those hitherto noticed are made entirely of steel, and their teeth are all produced ...
- General And Descriptive View Of Files Of Less Usual Kinds. Continued
- Published in Ducriptions des Machines et Procedes specifies dans les Brevets d Invention, Ac Par if. Christian. Pari; 4to, 1824. Tome 6, p. 33. Patent dated 6 Jan. 1795. According to the dr...
- Section III. - Preliminary Remarks On Using Files, And On Holding Works That Are To Be Filed
- The use of the file is undoubtedly more difficult than that of the generality of mechanical tools, and the difficulty arises from the circumstance of the file possessing, but in a very inferior degree...
- Preliminary Remarks On Using Files, And On Holding Works That Are To Be Filed. Part 2
- The file, if concave or hollow in respect to its length, in the manner coarsely exaggerated in fig. 832, might be used for works of corresponding convexity; but it would be impossible to flat a flat s...
- Using Files, And On Holding Works That Are To Be Filed. Part 3
- These time applications are objectionable in some instances, as the file is left too much at liberty, and the works are liable to be filed hollow instead of flat, especially if the file be rounding, b...
- Using Files, And On Holding Works That Are To Be Filed. Part 4
- Some workmen smooth the work by the method called draw-filing, or by drawing the file sideways along the work, using it in fact, as a spoke-shave instead of a file: this certainly has the effect of sm...
- Using Files, And On Holding Works That Are To Be Filed. Part 5
- The ordinary tail-vices, or standing-vices for heavy engineering and large works, sometimes exceed 100 lbs. in weight; but the average weight of tail-vices, for artizans in genera], is from 40 to 60 l...
- Vice-Clamps
- Spring or jointed clamps of the several forms, figs. 849 to 857, are also made. Fig. 849 represents two stout rectangular pieces of metal, united by two springs which pass on the sides of the vice-scr...
- Hand-Vices
- A great number of small works are more conveniently filed, whilst they are held with the left hand, the file being then managed exclusively with the right; this enables the artizan more easily to judg...
- Hand-Vices And Pin-Tongs
- Hand-vices are not, however, in all cases employed; but small wires and other pieces are also held in a species of pliers, fig. 861, called pin-tongs or sliding-tongs, which are closed by a ferule tha...
- Section IV. - Instructions For Filing A Flat Surface, Under The Guidance Of The Straight-Edge, And Of The Trial-Plate, Or Planometer
- In following out the subject of the instructions for the use of the file, it is proposed, first to explain that which may be called the manual process of producing a true or plane surface on a piece o...
- Instructions For Filing A Flat Surface, Under The Guidance Of The Straight-Edge, And Of The Trial-Plate, Or Planometer. Continued
- If the piece of cast-iron should have been turned in the lathe, or planed in the planing machine, instead of having been wrought entirely with the chipping chisel, plane and file, the former instructi...
- Section V. - Instructions For Originating Straight-Edges And Trial-Plates, Or Planometers
- The remarks hitherto offered on producing a flat surface were based upon the supposition that the operator is in possession of a good straight-edge, and a good surface or planometer, and which is usua...
- Instructions For Originating Straight-Edges And Trial-Plates, Or Planometers. Continued
- A little grinding is sometimes resorted to in completing steel straight-edges: it is less objectionable with steel, than with cast iron and other metals which are softer and also more porous than stee...
- Section VI. - Instructions For Filing Rectilinear Works, In Which Several Or All Of The Superficies Have To Be Wrought
- The former instructions have been restricted to the supposition that only one of the superficies of the work was required to be made plane or flat; but it frequently happens in rectangular works, such...
- Instructions For Filing Rectilinear Works, In Which Several Or All Of The Superficies Have To Be Wrought. Continued
- When however pieces of these sections, but of greater lengths, have to be produced by means of the file alone, it is more usual to make them in two or three pieces respectively, as shown detached in ...
- Section VII. - Instructions For Filing Curvilinear Works According To The Three Ordinary Modes
- The curvilinear surfaces of works are commonly of less importance than the plane surfaces, neither do they in general require the same skilful use of the file, especially as the more important curved ...
- Instructions For Filing Curvilinear Works According To The Three Ordinary Modes. Part 2
- In respect to filing up metal works that have been accurately shaped by founding or forging, little or nothing remains to be added to the remarks on the last page, as the only object is to act on ever...
- Filing Curvilinear Works According To The Three Ordinary Modes. Part 3
- A different application of templets is sometimes met with in filing up numerous similar parts in the same object, as the arms or crosses for the wheels of clocks and other machines. The exact pattern ...
- Section VIII. - Comparative Sketch Of The Applications Of The File, And Of The Engineer's Planing-Machine, Etc
- The general aim of this present section, is to show, by way of contrast, how several of the pieces advanced as illustrations of works executed with files, in sections iv. to vii. are produced by the p...
- Comparative Sketch Of The Applications Of The File, And Of The Engineer's Planing-Machine, Etc. Continued
- Supposing the piece ABC, fig. 868, to be bevelled or chamfered on one or all of its edges, the slide which had been previously fixed in the vertical line, or perpendicularly, would be inclined the pre...
- Chapter XXIX. Shears. Section I. - Introduction; Cutting Nippers For Wires
- Shears are instruments of a character quite different from any of those hitherto described, as the cutting edges of shearing tools are always used in pairs, and on opposite sides of the material to be...
- Section II. - Scissors And Shears For Soft Flexible Materials
- The scissors and shears to be described in this and the succeeding section, act on a very different principle from the nippers recently spoken of. The nippers have edges of about 30 to 40 degrees, mee...
- Scissors And Shears For Soft Flexible Materials. Continued
- The peculiar form of the insides of the blades is in all cases of paramount importance, and in the manufacture of fine scissors is attended to by a person called a 'putter-together,' whose pro-vince i...
- Section III. - Shears For Metal Worked By Manual Power
- When metals are very thin such as the latten brass used for plating and other purposes, they may be readily cut with stout scissors; and accordingly we find the weakest of the shears for metal, are me...
- Section IV. - Engineers' Shearing Tools; Generally Worked By Steam Power
- The earliest machines of this class were scarcely more than a magnified copy of the bench shears shown on page 915, but made very much stronger, thus fig. 926, represents a shearing and squeezing tool...
- Engineers' Shearing Tools; Generally Worked By Steam Power. Continued
- The above machine which measures in total height about five feet, makes 12 or 15 strokes per minute, shears 1/2 inch iron plates, and punches 3/4 holes in iron 1/2 inch thick. A larger machine ma...
- Chapter XXX. Punches. Section I. - Introduction: Punches Used Without Guides
- The title of the present chapter, may at the first glance, only appear to possess a very scanty relation to the tools used in mechanical manipulation, as the ostensible purpose of a punch may be consi...
- Section II. - Punches Used With Simple Guides
- Beginning this section with the tools having the most acute edges, we have to refer to the punch pliers, fig. 947, fitted with round hollow punches for making holes in leather straps and thin material...
- Section III. - Punches Used In Fly-Presses, And Miscellaneous Examples Of Their Products
- The punches used in fly-presses do not differ materially from those already described, but it appears needful to commence this section, with some explanation of the principal modifications of the pres...
- Punches Used In Fly-Presses, And Miscellaneous Examples Of Their Products. Part 2
- In the manufacture of steel pens, (see page 942-3,) it is important to have an exact control over the punches which cut the slits, and those which mark the inscriptions, as by descending too far they ...
- Punches Used In Fly-Presses, And Examples Of Their Products. Part 3
- 60 degrees; or by two cutters each hollowed to 90 degrees. In the three cases, the wire is respectively cut from two, three, or four equidistant parts of its circumference; semicircular cutters are al...
- Punches Used In Fly-Presses, And Examples Of Their Products. Part 4
- Steel pens are another most prolific example of the result of the fly-press, they pass through the hands many times, and require to be submitted to the action of numerous dies, to five of which alone ...
- Punches Used In Fly-Presses, And Examples Of Their Products. Part 5
- All the foregoing examples of punched works, suppose the punch to have been fixed to the follower of the press, and the matrix to the base of the same, in which case the bed punch requires to be very ...
- Punches Used In Fly-Presses, And Examples Of Their Products. Part 6
- In cutting brads that have heads, the general arrangements are somewhat different as explained in the diagram fig. 967, in which as before, the rectangular aperture in the bottom tool is bounded by th...
- Section IV. - Punching Machinery Used By Engineers
- After theremarks offered on pages 919to 923, on shearing tools, little remains to he said in this place on the punching machinery used by engineers, as it was there stated that the cutters for shearin...
- Appendix. Vol 2
- During the period in which the Second Volume of this Work has been patting through the press, various new and additional matters having relation both to the first and second volumes have come under th...
- Appendix. Vol 2. Part 2
- The model and the wood for the copies are fixed, say exactly 8 or 10 inches asunder, upon a rectilinear slide free to move from north to south, and which slide moves upon a second rectilinear slide fr...
- Appendix. Vol 2. Part 3
- To enable the few undercut parts, that occur in artificial palates, to be carved by the dentifactor, Mr. Tomes now makes the slide that carries the disks not with one flat surface, but to have two inc...
- Appendix. Vol 2. Part 4
- The cinder produced is superior in quality to that which results from the common system; it contains from 50 to 55 per cent, of iron, and is free from phosphoric acid, which frequently exists, and is...
- Appendix. Vol 2. Part 5
- In a former account of the steam hammer, written by Mr. Nasmyth for the Civil Engineer's and Architect's Journal, Vol. VI. page 40, be first describes the circuitous mode in which the power was convey...
- Synoptical Table Of The Manufacture Of Iron Tubes
- Drawn up for this Work by Rowland Prosser, Esq., C.E., of Birmingham. Drawbench introduced into England 1565. Benj. Cook. James and Jones. Henry Osborn....
- Patents
- BENJAMIN COOK, of Birmingham. Patent dated 28th March 1808 for a method of making barrels for fowling pieces, muskets, pistols and other similar fire-arms and ramrods for the same. The Patentee...
- Patents. Part 2
- Such was the great simplicity and utility of this Invention, that notwithstanding the assignee of the Patent, Mr. Russell, had made a very considerate sum of money by the Patent, the Privy Council ad...
- Patents. Part 3
- THOMAS HENRY RUSSELL, of Wednesbury, Stafford, Tube Manufacturer. Patent granted 14th August, 1845, for improvements in the mauufacture of welded Iron Tubes. This Patent describes an invent...
- Patents. Part 4
- Note W, page 323. - To follow the seventh line. (Babbet's Patent Anti-friction Metal.) Babbet's anti-friction metal, to be used somewhat after the manner of tin, for the bearings of machinery, is t...
- Patents. Part 5
- The sheets of iron are pickled, scoured, and cleaned just the same as for ordinary tinning. A large wooden bath is then half filled with a dilute solution of muriate of tin, prepared by dissolving met...
- Patents. Part 6
- Note AA, page 374. - To follow the last Foot Note. (Berlin method of moulding delicate complicated objects.) One method said to be followed by the Berlin founders for producing complicated subjec...
- Patents. Part 7
- The vessels when cut through present a nearly uniform section, and which may be thus explained as regards the cylindrical vessel. If the disk of 9 inches diameter could have its margin folded up witho...
- Patents. Part 8
- The following Notes in the Appendix refer to the Second Volume, Note AH, page 482. - To precede the last paragraph. (Silcock and Lowe's Patent Planes for Joiners, etc.) Subsequently to the foreg...
- Patents. Part 9
- Figs. 978. 979. Note AM. - To follow note AL, on page 495. (Mr. S. Nicholla' Stop or Clamp for a Joiner's Bench.) Fig. 980 is a perspective view, and fig. 981 a plan of Mr. S. Nicho...
- Patents. Part 10
- When the same splint plane was used for the stronger and less flexible matches nearly one-tenth of an inch square now used, the splints were found to be broken or disrupted in their fibres, by the com...
- Patents. Part 11
- Note AS. - {Paper on lite Principles of Tools for Turning and Planing Metals, by Charles Babbage, Esq., F.R.S., etc. etc.) Steel of various degrees of temper and under various forms, is almost univ...
- Patents. Part 12
- After the form of the cutting tool is decided upon, the next important point to be considered is the manner of its application. The principle which is usually stated for turning tools is, that the poi...
- Patents. Part 13
- The one inclined position has been represented in the plan, fig. 985, and in this case the point of the cutter lies in a very favourable position for turning either cylindrical or plane surfaces, as t...
- Patents. Part 14
- This mode of action always cuts the key-way parallel and not taper as frequently wanted. From the subdivision of the work amongst the many cutters, the work is well done, and almost without injury to ...
- Patents. Part 15
- Since DBE and dbe represent the two successive positions of the tool, at the beginning and end of one rotation of the cylinder, a little consideration will show that the shaded space between them...
- Patents. Part 16
- But this angle KAD is not the same as that of the cutting edges, and the question to be answered in every case is the following: - Given the front angle of a tool (i. c. the plan of its point), and th...
- Patents. Part 17
- But Mr. Nasmyth has well explained the necessity of inclining these planes to an angle of about 3 from the vertical. This produces in AD an inclination from the vertical which varies according to...
- Patents. Part 18
- The first requisite is that the clamping piece F should be left at liberty to take a secure bearing upon the wire. If the latter were perfectly straight and cylindrical, and the under surface of ...
- Patents. Part 19
- Fig. 1007 The outline of this piece is exactly the same as that of the triangle under which it lies, with the exception of the side which is parallel to the tool. The side is made at such a di...
- Patents. Part 20
- Note AV, page 554, to follow the paragraph ending, without figures. (Freeman's Registered Brill Tool.) This is a very useful substitute for the drill bow, it consists simply of a flat strip of...
- Patents. Part 21
- When the hole is completed the socket and drill f g, are removed from the crocs piece e c, and the screw tap, shown separately at i, is inserted into the same hole, and the threads of c e, and i, bein...
- Patents. Part 22
- The Cornish bit is a useful lathe drill, apparently derived from the boring bar, fig. 514, page 569, and like it, is adapted to holes of certain fixed diameters. As seen in fig. 1018, the stock which ...
- Patents. Part 23
- The three bits are simultaneously and equally advanced by the central wedge i, shown also detached, which resembles a cone, reduced so as to form three fins at right angles to one another, that enter ...
- Patents. Part 24
- Note BM, referring both to the Table on Rectilinear Saws, page 699, and to the Table on Circular Sawn, page 784. On the Gages at present used for measuring the thicknesses of sheet metals and wi...
- Values Of Gages For Wire And Sheet Metals In General Use, Expressed In Decimal Parts Of The Inch
- SECTION ONE. Birmingham Gage for Iron Wire and for Shoot Iron and Stool. MARK. SIZE. 0000 - ...
- Messrs. John Bradley & Co.'s Rod Iron Gage
- No. Inch. 00 - 1/8 0 - 5/32 1 - 3/16 ...
- Mr. Wilkinson's Gage For Rifles And Fowling-Pieces
- Number Diameter of Bore in Hundredths. Weight of Leadenbullet in Grains. 5 98 1400 6 ...
- Mr. Wilkinson's Gage For Rifles And Fowling-Pieces. Part 2
- Quantities expressed decimally would be more easily written down, and more exactly defined than the compound fractions such as 3/4 and 1/14 of an inch - or than the still more obscure method, of 3/4 o...
- Mr. Wilkinson's Gage For Rifles And Fowling-Pieces. Part 3
- Why not in all these branches of trade describe every thing measauring 1/16th of an inch, as No. 10; those of 5/16ths inch, as No. 30? and then in sets of objects required to be nearly alike, the succ...
- Mr. Wilkinson's Gage For Rifles And Fowling-Pieces. Part 4
- Note BQ, to follow the first paragraph, page 889. (Mr. Michael Kelley's Quannett.) Mr. Michael Kelly's Quannett, represented in figs. 830 and.831, was rewarded by too Society of Arts in 1845; and the ...
- Advertisements. Vol 2
- Works Published By Holtzapffel & Co 64, Charing Cross, and 127, Long Acre, London. A New System Of Scales Of Equal Parts; Applicable to various purposes of Engineering, Architectural, and Gen...
- Preface To The Third Volume
- In offering to the public the third volume of the late Mr. Charles Holtzapffel's work on Turning and Mechanical Manipulation, some explanation is required of the circumstances under which the work has...
- Turning And Mechanical Manipulation. Vol. III. Abrasive And Miscellaneous Processes, Which Cannot Be Accomplished With Cutting Tools. Chapter XXXI. General Remarks Upon Abrasive Processes
- Introduction The third volume, which is now to be commenced, refers to a class of operations entirely dissimilar to those which have been described in the foregoing pages; as the former description...
- Section I. - Preliminary Observations On Grinding And Polishing
- First, on the substances that are to be ground and polished. The objects or substances the grinding and polishing of which are described, will be found to include nearly all those materials from th...
- Preliminary Observations On Grinding And Polishing. Continued
- Cleanliness should be most scrupulously observed in polishing. This remark may appear misemployed as regards a process in which various dark-coloured powders, etc. are mingled with oil or water somewh...
- Section II. Descriptive Catalogue Of The Apparatus, Materials, And Processes For Grinding And Polishing, Commonly Employed In The Mechanical And Useful Arts
- N.B. - The descriptions of the Mineral Substances, are for the most part extracted or modified from those given in Wm. Phillips's Mineralogy, 3rd edition, London, 1823. ...
- Alabaster
- ALABASTER. The general modes of working Alabaster with saws, chisels, files, and turning tools, as regards its configuration, are described in pages 164-5 of the first volume, but this substance is po...
- Avanturine
- AVANTURINE, a mineral which is found variously coloured and always enclosing particles of mica; the most common colour of the base is brown or reddish brown. It is worked by the lapidary like Carnelia...
- Bouldering Stone
- BOULDERING STONE. - This name is applied by the Sheffield cutlers to the smooth translucent flint pebbles, found in gravel pits, with which they smooth down the faces of buff and wooden wheels, by abr...
- Brass
- BRASS is finished by different classes of artizans, by methods that are widely dissimilar, many of which are described; and it may be considered that the same modes are also suited to the other alloys...
- Burnisher
- BURNISHER. - This valuable instrument is in general a piece of hardened steel very highly polished, and when judiciously applied to the smooth surfaces of metals, it imparts to them, by means of frict...
- Carnelian
- CARNELIAN is the substance that has been selected as the example of the mode of cutting and polishing stones of a medium degree of hardness, the two other examples being Alabaster for the softest ston...
- Cast-Iron
- CAST-IRON. - When the parts of machinery that are made in cast-iron are polished they are treated as described in this catalogue under the general article on Machinery made of iron and steel. The F...
- Chalk
- CHALK when simply scraped, or else crushed under the hammer, is occasionally used in polishing bone, ivory, and some few soft substances, it cuts much the finely powdered rottenstone. It is however to...
- Charcoal
- CHARCOAL. - Sticks of this material are very extensively used for polishing several of the metals, and the action seems to depend on the silex disseminated throughout the substance of the charcoal. Co...
- Corundum
- CORUNDUM includes very dissimilar minerals, all consisting almost entirely of highly crystalline alumina, namely, - Precious Corundum, or the Sapphire and Ruby, - Common Corundum - and Emery. - The la...
- Crystal
- CRYSTAL, or Rock Crystal, is a popular name for Quartz, or pure crystalline silex, the finest and largest crystals of which are found in Madagascar Dauphine, and the Alps; the so called Bristol diamon...
- Cutlery
- CUTLERY is ground and polished with the various natural and artificial grinders, the constructions and applications of which are described under the article Wheels in this Catalogue: the ordinary succ...
- Diamond
- DIAMOND, this remarkable and most useful gem has been considered at some length in the first volume, pages 175 - 180 - first as regards the processes of splitting, cutting, and polishing diamonds for ...
- Emery
- EMERY. 1. - Ordinary Preparation of Emery. - The following is the manufacturers' ordinary process; the lumps of emery stone are broken up precisely after the manner of stone for repairing Macadamiz...
- Emery. Continued
- In this simple yet elegant arrangement, time is also the measure of the particles respectively deposited in the 12 or more vessels, their number being determined by the quantity of sizes respectively ...
- Enamels
- ENAMELS. - These are metallic surfaces covered with a thin coating of glass of various colours, and which is sometimes partially transparent, but generally opaque. The enamel or glass is ground to pow...
- Flint
- FLINT is not frequently polished by the lapidary but is then treated like Carnelian. Until of late years one of the greatest uses of this substance was for procuring fire, but percussion caps and Cong...
- Fluor Spar
- FLUOR SPAR. - This substance from the confusion in the arrangement, and the frangibility of its crystals requires a peculiar and careful treatment whilst being turned into form, and which is described...
- Gold
- GOLD is in general polished much the same as silver although some variation is made as works in gold are in general much smaller and do not require such active means as those in silver. 1. - Gold i...
- Granite
- GRANITE, after having been worked into form with heavy dumpy picks, and then with the hammer and chisel or diamond point, is 1st ground to a moderately smooth surface with a heavy iron plate fed with ...
- Grindstone
- GRINDSTONE. - Grit Stones or Grinding Stones are varieties of sandstones, some of which are described. 1. - Newcastle Grindstones abound in the coal districts of Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire and...
- Hone Slates
- HONE SLATES. - A mineralogical distinction for various slaty stones that are used in straight pieces or slabs for whetting or sharpening the edges of tools subsequently to their having been ground on ...
- Ivory
- IVORY. - The modes of polishing objects made of this useful and ornamental substance, differ according to the nature of the works; and although the remarks here offered refer especially to the ivory o...
- Leather
- LEATHER. - The leather principally used for polishing, in the manufacturing towns of Sheffield and Birmingham, is the beast hide, or the leather of the ox as prepared for the soles of shoes, which is ...
- Lithographic Stones
- LITHOGRAPHIC STONES, are a fine oolite, a peculiar kind of fine granular limestone, principally obtained from the interior of Germany. The surfaces of lithographic stones are required to possess di...
- Machinery Composed of Wrought-Iron, Cast-Iron and Steel
- The engineer and mechanist employ nearly the same routine for polishing these three materials, more particularly in turned works, in which the variations principally depend upon the degree of finish r...
- Machinery Composed of Wrought-Iron, Cast-Iron and Steel. Continued
- Flat Works 9. - Large-sized Flat Works. - These are in almost every case, castings in iron, wrought in the planing machine; - a machine that produces its results with so much accuracy and precision...
- Marble
- MARBLE is polished in different modes, which are jointly dependent on the nature of the marble, and the character of the work; some of the principal methods will be described. Marble is generally w...
- Marbles For Children
- These are principally manufactured in Germany; some are made of clay covered with a glaze and baked as in pottery; others are made of alabaster and marble; but the greater part are made of a hard ston...
- Marquetry Work
- MARQUETRY WORK. - This term, probably derived from the French definitions, marqueterie en bris and marqueterie en metal, (see foot note, page 732, vol. 2) has been selected to denote a variety of work...
- Oilstone
- OILSTONE. - The Turkey Oilstone can hardly be considered as a hone slate, having nothing of a lamellar or schistose appearance. As a whetstone, it surpasses every other known substance, and possesses,...
- Oxides Of Iron
- OXIDES OF IRON. - The red and black oxides of iron, and mixtures of them, are prepared by manufacturing chemists at Liverpool, Sheffield, Derby and elsewhere, as polishing powders, commercially known ...
- Plaster Of Paris
- PLASTER OF PARIS. - In removing the seams left from the mould a knife or scraper is first used and the work is then rubbed with Dutch rush, or fish skin previously softened in water. The cleaning off ...
- Putty Powder
- PUTTY POWDER is the pulverised oxide of tin, or generally of tin and lead mixed in various proportions, - the process of manufacture is alike in all cases. The metal is oxidized in an iron muffle, or ...
- Rubbers
- RUBBERS. - The rubbers used in polishing often follow very nearly the form of the plane, the file, or the turning tool, accordingly as the respective artizans use the plane, file, or turning tool in t...
- Rumble
- RUMBLE or Shaking Machine. - This is a contrivance sometimes used for polishing small articles principally by their attrition against each other. The rumble is a cylindrical vessel with a side door fo...
- Sand
- SAND, which is nearly pure silex, is used in sawing and smoothing building stones and marbles, and in many other of the preliminary grinding and polishing processes. River sand and pit sand are in gen...
- Sapphire
- SAPPHIRE has been selected as one of the three general examples of lapidary work, described in this catalogue, namely Alabaster in explanation of the mode of working the softest stones, and other alli...
- Shells
- SHELLS. - On reference to vol. 1, pages 118 - 120, a few remarks on the descrip tive characters of the porcelanous and nacreous shells will be found. Some of these shells are cut through to show their...
- Silversmiths' Work
- SILVERSMITHS' work, after having been filed is generally rubbed, 1st with a lump of pumice-stone and water, 2ndly with a slip of water of Ayr stone and water, 3dly a revolving brush with rottenstone a...
- Slate
- SLATE. - The ordinary slate used for building purposes does not admit of being highly polished, but it is rubbed smooth, first with an iron plate fed with sharp river sand and water, and then with lum...
- Tortoiseshell
- TORTOISESHELL. - The covering of the Testudo imbricata, and on the working of which the reader is referred to vol. 1, pages 126 - 135, is usually polished after one of the following modes: - 1. - Tort...
- Tripoli
- TRIPOLI, according to Phillips, is an earth of a grey yellow or red colour, used in polishing, that was first introduced from Tripoli in Africa, whence its name, but it is found in France and elsewher...
- Varnished Works
- VARNISHED WORKS of the finest kinds, such as the wood work of harps, are thus treated. The wood is covered with about six layers of the white hard varnish, and allowed thoroughly to dry between each, ...
- Washing
- WASHING or the separation of powders into different degrees of fineness by washing over or elutriation. - On the advantages of the careful separation of the polishing powders some remarks were offered...
- Wheels
- WHEELS. - In almost every branch of the manufacturing and mechanical arts, the processes of abrasion are advantageously fulfilled by rotatory motion applied to various grinders and polishers. These ar...
- Agate - Bloodstone
- Agate AGATE. Some of the uses of Agate in the mechanical and useful arts are described in Vol. i. page 173, and this substance although much harder than Carnelian is cut and polished precisely afte...
- Bob - Buff Leather
- Bob BOB, a familiar name used at Birmingham, for small leather polishing wheels, with rounded edges, each made entirely of a thick piece of bull-neck, or sea-cow leather, perforated to receive the ...
- Cannel Coal - Cloth
- Cannel Coal CANNEL COAL. - In polishing flat works of this material, such as inkstands, water of ayr stone in the stick is 1st used with water; 2ndly, charcoal dust an( soft soap on a flannel; and ...
- Colcothar Of Vitriol - Dutch Rush
- Colcothar Of Vitriol COLCOTHAR OF VITRIOL, see Oxide of Iron. Cones CONES. - The principal modes of grinding cones will be explained in Chap. XXXIII., Section 3. Coppersmith's Work COPP...
- Edge Tools - Fish Skin
- Edge Tools EDGE TOOLS are treated of under the head Cutlery. Electrum ELECTRUM or German Silver. - See Silver, Albata, and Brass. The respective modes being used, according to the nature of t...
- Flanders Bricks - Glass
- Flanders Bricks FLANDERS BRICKS, these which are now equally or better known as Bath bricks, are made in large quantities of a clay found at Bridgewater, and which contains a considerable proportio...
- Glass Paper - Horn
- Glass Paper GLASS PAPER. - In making this useful article, the fragments of broken wine bottles are carefully washed to remove all dirt, the glass is then crushed under a runner, and sifted into abo...
- Hyacinth - Lavas
- Hyacinth HYACINTH. - See Zircon. Idwall Stone IDWALL STONE. - See Hone Slates, article 4. Iron IRON. - The modes of polishing the parts of machinery made in wrought and cast iron, are d...
- Lead - Moslings
- Lead LEAD is the basis of many of the laps, and is rendered sometimes harder by the addition of variable proportions of tin and antimony; see Wheels, articles, 37 to 47. Lead may be readily work...
- Mother Of Pearl - Pewter
- Mother Of Pearl MOTHER OF PEARL. - See Shells. NACREOUS SHELLS. - Idem. Norway Ragstone NORWAY RAGSTONE. See Hone Slates, article 1. Onyx ONYX, a variety of Chalcedony that is wrought b...
- Plasma - Pumice-Stone
- Plasma PLASMA, which is a variety of Chalcedony, is polished like Carnelian. Plate Glass PLATE GLASS. - The polishing of this beautiful material is slightly noticed in Chap. XXXIII. Section 1...
- Quartz - Silex
- Quartz QUARTZ. - Pure silex, occurs both crystalline and amorphous and is polished after the mode described for Carnelian. The reader is also referred to the article Crystal, by which name Quartz i...
- Skive - Topaz
- Skive SKIVE. - The iron lap used by the diamond polishers in finishing the facets of diamonds for jewellery. The skive is charged with fragments of diamond powder that are burnished into its surfac...
- Section A. - Wheels Of Natural Stone, Such As Grindstones
- 2. - The reader is referred to the article Gritstone, for the description of the principal varieties of the sandstones or gritstones used in the mechanical arts for various purposes, the most importan...
- Section A. - Wheels Of Natural Stone, Such As Grindstones. Part 2
- The Sheffield grinders generally employ ash for the center blocks and wedges for grindstone spindles, and they mostly run all their stones and glazers in one set of holes, and adjust the length of the...
- Section A. - Wheels Of Natural Stone, Such As Grindstones. Part 3
- Engineers mostly fix the stone between cast-iron flanges or plates, the one keyed on the spindle against a shoulder, the other forced up by a screwed nut or key passing through a diametrical mortise i...
- Section A. - Wheels Of Natural Stone, Such As Grindstones. Part 4
- The object ground should be continually traversed backwards and forwards to use the stone alike all over, the stones should not be allowed to remain long out of condition, as they get rapidly worse, n...
- Section B. - Wheels Of Factitious Stone, Or Composition Wheels
- 33. - Of Composition Wheels the corundum wheels deserve the first notice, they consist of particles of corundum cemented into a mass by means of shell lac, and which composition variously prepared is ...
- Section C. - Wheels Of Metal, Or Metallic Laps
- 37. - Metal Wheels or Laps, made of nearly every metal and alloy in common use, have been more or less employed in the mechanical arts, as vehicles for the application of several of the polishing powd...
- Section C. - Wheels Of Metal, Or Metallic Laps. Continued
- 44. - In Lapping Penknives and Small Articles, it is more usual to charge the wheel whilst it is at rest, by rubbing on it a lump of emery cake, made of emery compounded with suet chopped fine and ren...
- Section D. - Wheels Of Wood, Or Glaze Wheels
- 48. - Lapidaries employ wooden wheels in smoothing soft and rounded stones. The wheels consist usually of beech, birchwood, or mahogany, cut out plankways, fixed on the spindle and turned flat. The wo...
- Section E. - Wheels Of Leather, Or Buff Wheels, Glazers And Polishers
- 51. - This title includes three different kinds of apparatus, all of which have wooden centers covered with leather, and are thence sometimes indiscriminately called buff wheels, but they are distingu...
- Section F. - Wheels Of Cloth, Or Cloth And List Wheels
- 61. - The Cloth used for Wheels is usually thick woollen cloth such as that for white great coats, and the blankets of printing machines, felted cloths are likewise used. Sometimes the cloth or felt i...
- Section G. - Wheels Of Bristles, Or Wire, Or Brush Wheels
- 65. - Wheel Brushes or Brush Wheels are very largely employed in the arts; they are made both hard and soft, and of all diameters from about 2 to 8 inches, with the hairs placed radially so that the o...
- Section G. - Wheels Of Bristles, Or Wire, Or Brush Wheels. Continued
- A moderate quantity of yellow tripoli is placed on flannel slightly moistened with oil, and applied just like glass paper, the motion of the lathe being occasionally changed in direction, and sometim...
- Chapter XXXII. Grinding And Sharpening Cutting Tools. Section I. - Grinding Cutting Tools On The Ordinary Grindstone
- The various apparatus, materials, and processes, employed in grinding, and polishing, having been generally described in the preceding Catalogue, it will be only necessary in the present chapter, to o...
- Grinding Cutting Tools On The Ordinary Grindstone. Part 2
- Fig. 1029. Fig. 1029 represents an arrangement suitable for grindstones of from two to three feet diameter. In this case the frame is entirely of iron; the stone is worked by a treadle leading...
- Grinding Cutting Tools On The Ordinary Grindstone. Part 3
- The grindstone should be kept in order so far as possible by the equal distribution of the wear; narrow tools especially, should be constantly traversed across the face of the stone to avoid wearing t...
- Grinding Cutting Tools On The Ordinary Grindstone. Part 4
- To assist in keeping the arms steady, they are pressed firmly to the sides of the body as far as the elbows; and to traverse the tool across the face of the stone, the workman swings bodily from side ...
- Grinding Cutting Tools On The Ordinary Grindstone. Part 5
- Triangular tools that are required to cut very keenly, are ground in the same manner as the side tools, and by which the edges are made slightly concave; but when the triangular tool is required to be...
- Section II. - Sharpening Cutting Tools On The Oilstone
- The completion of the edges of tools after grinding is effected either upon the Turkey oilstone or one of the family of hone slates described on page 1065. These stones differ exceedingly in quality, ...
- Sharpening Cutting Tools On The Oilstone. Continued
- Narrow chisels that are too small to be grasped in both hands, are held in the right hand much the same as a plane iron, and the pressure is principally given by the first two fingers of the left appl...
- Section III. - Setting Razors
- Perhaps of all cutting instruments, the razor possesses the most general and personal interest, in respect to the conditions required for its perfect action, and it is therefore proposed to notice at ...
- Setting Razors. Part 2
- A more scientific method was proposed by Mr. Kingsbury in his pamphlet on the razor, namely the examination of the entire edge with a magnifier, and which process when applied in a sufficiently powerf...
- Setting Razors. Part 3
- The Charnley Forest stone is generally preferred for the first stage or for striking off the wiry edge of the blade. The Turkey oilstone is sometimes used for the same purpose. The Green hone or Welsh...
- Section IV. - Sharpening Cutting Tools With Artificial Grinders
- Fig. 1039 represents the upper part of a horizontal grinding machine, principally intended for grinding and setting the edges of cutting tools, by means of revolving laps of metal fed with the various...
- Sharpening Cutting Tools With Artificial Grinders. Part 2
- Fig. 1042. The general arrangement of the instrument will be sufficiently obvious from an inspection of fig. 1042, in which A, represents the base of the instrument on which is fixed the verti...
- Sharpening Cutting Tools With Artificial Grinders. Part 3
- In using this instrument, the tool to be sharpened is laid face downwards upon the horizontal plate, and with the side of the tool in contact with the guide bar, which is fixed at the angle required f...
- Sharpening Cutting Tools With Artificial Grinders. Part 4
- The tool having been completely sharpened upon the oilstone, is next taken to the metallic surfaces to have its edges polished, and which is done in the following manner. Without unfixing the tool, th...
- Sharpening Cutting Tools With Artificial Grinders. Part 5
- Fig. 1054. Concave tools, whose edges when seen in plan form part of a circular line, such as the bead, astragal, and quarter hollow tools, figs. 395 to 398, page 519, Vol. II., are most conve...
- Sharpening Cutting Tools With Artificial Grinders. Part 6
- Figs. 1072 to 1076, which have convex and rectilinear edges do not admit of being sharpened by any of the guide instruments described; and the restoration of their edges is effected with small sl...
- Chapter XXXIII. The Figuration Of Materials By Abrasion. Section I. - The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion
- In the figuration of materials by abrasion, the principal dependence for the correctness of form, is generally placed upon the abrasive tool, or grinder, being exactly a counterpart of the form to be ...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 2
- Thin works of moderate size that are too yielding to be applied with the fingers, or those that would become too hot to be conveniently held, are temporarily fixed upon a thin piece of wood by driving...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 3
- For cutting the facets the laps are charged with fine washed emery, smoothed with an agate or pebble burnisher, and supplied with water. The work when too small to be held in the fingers is cemented o...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 4
- Slate as mentioned at page 165 of Vol. I. is sawn and sometimes planed with cutting tools very similar to those used for wood, except that they are stronger and are applied by machinery, the action be...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 5
- For marking upon the block of stone or marble the lines upon which it is to be sawn, as for cutting it into slabs of one or two inches thickness, the block is first shifted upon rollers into the posit...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 6
- The width of the iron blade measured to the wooden back, limits the depth of the cut to which the grub-saw can be applied, and in selecting a saw for any particular piece of stone, preference is given...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 7
- For grinding the edges of marble, large slabs are propped upright against some temporary support, and narrow rubbers of stone or iron supplied with sand and water are applied to the edges. Narrow piec...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 8
- The work is now laid face upwards and a second coat of plaster of Paris, and a second liner is applied to the face of the work, which is thus cemented between the two pieces of stone, the first of whi...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 9
- The distances between the saws, and their parallelism with the sides of the frame, are adjusted by means of iron blocks made of the exact thickness required in the slabs of marble, the blocks and blad...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 10
- Fig. 1092. Fig. 1093. The saws having been adjusted to the required distances for the widths of the slips to be cut, and fixed by the side screws, the slab of marble is embedded in san...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 11
- For circles of small diameter, the cutters are made as hollow cylinders of sheet iron of various diameters, and each attached by screws to a circular disk of cast iron, as shown in section in fig. 109...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 12
- Large slabs of marble and stone are ground very accurately in a machine patented by Mr. Tulloch, and called a grinding bed. In this machine, represented in fig. 1099, the slab to be ground is placed h...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 13
- The forms of some of the grinders are shown in figs. 1100 to 1102; the outline represents the grinder, and the shaded part beneath, the entire compound moulding that would be produced by the same. A s...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 14
- The pot is then removed from the furnace, and carried on a truck to an iron table or bench, having a flat surface about 18 feet long and 10 feet wide, two bars of iron of equal thickness to the desire...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 15
- All the irregularities of the surfaces are first ground out with sharp river sand, that has been washed and sifted into two sizes; the sand and water are thrown on by hand occasionally, and when the p...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 16
- Sometimes old plate glass, that has become scratched, is re-polished; when the plates are large, and sufficiently numerous, they are repolished by machinery, just the same as new glass, but more gener...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 17
- Figs. 1105. The main shaft 1, 1, communicates with a pair of sliding bevil wheels 6, 6; these through 7 move the tangent screw 8, and thence the worm wheel 9, which latter, by the pair of bevi...
- The Production Of Plane Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 18
- Mr. A. Ross discovered that the accumulation of the grinding powder near the middle of the glass, arose from the capillary attraction of the moistened powder, and that by the employment of the grindin...
- Section II. - The Production Of Cylindrical Surfaces By Abrasion
- Cylindrical works in metal, of small diameter, and considerable length, such as slender rods, are difficult to be turned of strictly uniform diameter, because from their weakness they are liable to sp...
- The Production Of Cylindrical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 2
- Short cylinders are in many cases ground by hand instead of in the lathe, the work is then fixed horizontally in the vice, and the workman stands in front of the cylinder, and twists the grinder about...
- The Production Of Cylindrical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 3
- The ordinary methods of grinding cylindrical surfaces with emery, are not sufficiently exact for the production of these rollers, as the leading source of error in all grinding processes, namely, the ...
- The Production Of Cylindrical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 4
- A different method of carrying out the principle of grinding the rollers together with water is sometimes resorted to, in order to allow of the rollers being subjected to the same degree of pressure d...
- The Production Of Cylindrical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 5
- Fig. 1113. This machine is shown in plan in fig. 1113, in which a represents the grindstone, and b the pulley to be ground, the pulley is mounted upon the mandrel c, which for the convenience ...
- The Production Of Cylindrical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 6
- When the hole is so short that it would not serve as a guide for the grinder, the latter is mounted to revolve in a lathe, and the work held by the hands is traversed endways on the grinder, and at in...
- The Production Of Cylindrical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 7
- For holes of moderate length requiring considerable accuracy, the grinder of the same diameter as the required hole is in some instances mounted on the end of a revolving spindle, made to slide endway...
- Section III. - The Production Of Conical Surfaces By Abrasion
- Conical surfaces are ground after the same general methods as cylindrical surfaces, and with grinders of nearly the same general forms, the principal differences being that the grinders are made conic...
- The Production Of Conical Surfaces By Abrasion. Continued
- The method of a fixed grinder may also be resorted to for grinding the internal cone, when the works admit of being chucked in the lathe, and the opening is of sufficient size for the admission of a r...
- Section IV. - The Production of Spherical Surfaces By Abrasion
- The grinding and polishing of spheres in hardened steel, glass, and other hard substances, after the method invented by the late Mr. Henry Guy, (at that time a workman in the employ of Holtzapffel & C...
- The Production of Spherical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 2
- In grinding the balls, they are placed singly within the conical hole of the grinder, a small quantity of oil and emery is then put into the space between the larger side of the cone and the ball, and...
- The Production of Spherical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 3
- The most important part of the apparatus is however a pair of brass tools, one concave, and the other convex, made exactly to the curvature of the templates, and to fit each other as accurately as pos...
- The Production of Spherical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 4
- The cement is made by mixing sifted wood ashes with melted pitch, the essential oil of which is absorbed by the wood ashes, and the adhesiveness of the pitch is thereby reduced. The proportions are so...
- The Production of Spherical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 5
- During the polishing the pressure should be very moderate, or the lenses will partially sink into the surface of the polishing tool, and become rounded at those parts of the edges which are unsupporte...
- The Production of Spherical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 6
- During a series of experiments instituted many years since by Professor Barlow for verifying his methods of computing the curvatures of an achromatic object glass, in which I was practically engaged,...
- The Production of Spherical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 7
- The grinding and polishing of specula for reflecting telescopes requires the greatest possible amount of accuracy and care, and is by far the most difficult of all the processes of grinding and polish...
- The Production of Spherical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 8
- The smoothing with the bed of hones is continued until the face of the speculum is brought to a very true and fine surface, uniformly bright, it is then put into the tube of the telescope, and tried a...
- The Production of Spherical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 9
- The speculum is worked on the polisher with straight or elliptical strokes, the operator continually moving around the post to change the angle. Sufficient pressure must be uniformly applied, to keep ...
- The Production of Spherical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 10
- Having observed that when the extent of the motions of the polishing machine were in certain proportions to the diameter of the speculum, its focal length gradually and regularly increased, that fact...
- The Production of Spherical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 11
- For the second layer, it is mixed with one fourth of wheat flour, which by increasing its tenacity and diminishing its adhesiveness, prevents that accident so much complained of by practical men, viz...
- The Production of Spherical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 12
- In the figuration of small specula by hand, the metal is usually attached by cement to a temporary back, which serves as the support during the grinding and polishing, and is removed before the specul...
- The Production of Spherical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 13
- By means of this admirable machine, a speculum having a decidedly hyperbolic figure may be corrected and brought to a perfect parabola, or to a spherical curve, or the same may be done in the reverse...
- The Production of Spherical Surfaces By Abrasion. Part 14
- With this arrangement of apparatus, Mr. Hodgson succeeded without material difficulty in grinding and polishing specula, one of which is 3 1/2 inches aperture, with a focal length of 33 inches; this h...
- Section V. - Glass-Cutting
- Glass cutting, or the grinding and polishing of cut glass for household and other purposes, is effected with revolving wheels of iron, stone, or wood, mounted on horizontal spindles, after the same ge...
- Chapter XXXIV. Lapidary Work. Section I. - Slitting, Cutting, And Polishing Flat And Rounded Works
- Although the term lapidary work, may seem to be applicable to all the various modes of working or finishing stones, it is restricted to the cutting, grinding, and polishing of gems and small stones, a...
- Lapidary Work. Slitting, Cutting, And Polishing Flat And Rounded Works. Part 2
- The stones worked in this country by lapidaries are in general small, and but little pressure is exerted upon the stone, the power of an assistant is therefore not required; but the lapidary mostly gi...
- Lapidary Work. Slitting, Cutting, And Polishing Flat And Rounded Works. Part 3
- The slicer is made of a disk of sheet iron, usually about eight or nine inches diameter, and two hundredths of an inch in thickness. It is of course necessary that the edge of the slicer should run ex...
- Lapidary Work. Slitting, Cutting, And Polishing Flat And Rounded Works. Part 4
- The stone to be sliced is first washed clean and dried, the line of the intended section may then be marked in ink as a guide, and the slicer is plentifully lubricated with the oil of brick, a thin oi...
- Lapidary Work. Slitting, Cutting, And Polishing Flat And Rounded Works. Part 5
- In applying the stone to the mill, it is placed flat on the surface, and firmly pressed with the ends of the fingers and thumb applied on the back of the wooden disk, the upright stem passing between ...
- Lapidary Work. Slitting, Cutting, And Polishing Flat And Rounded Works. Part 6
- Stones that are rounded to a cylindrical or conical form, such as a drop for an earring, are cemented sideways upon a stick, and the one-half ground to the semi-circular section; they are then detache...
- Lapidary Work. Slitting, Cutting, And Polishing Flat And Rounded Works. Part 7
- In all these cases, no guide whatever is employed for producing the form, the perfection of which depends entirely upon the figure of the edge of the mill, and the dexterity of the workman. Sharp inte...
- Section II. - Cutting Facets
- The surfaces of gems, pastes, and most other substances worked by the lapidary, are, as is well known, cut into facets to improve their brilliancy, by multiplying the number of reflecting surfaces, in...
- Cutting Facets. Part 2
- The square cut, or trap cut, is the most simple form of cutting facets, and also serves as the foundation of the facets of the brilliant cut. The method of producing the trap cut will be therefore fir...
- Cutting Facets. Part 3
- Figs. 1155. 1156. In cutting a stone to the form of fig. 1155, it is cemented on a stick, the flat surface of the table is first cut, and the edge is brought to the desired shape of th...
- Cutting Facets. Part 4
- 1158. 1161. 1159. 1162. In cutting the back, the stone is first rounded to the general contour; secondly, the culasse is cut; thirdly, the water basil for the row of ...
- Cutting Facets. Part 5
- The split brilliant, or trap brilliant, figs. 1163 to 1165, only differs from the full brilliant, fig. 1161, in the foundation squares being divided horizontally into two triangular facets, forming an...
- Cutting Facets. Part 6
- other only in the greater thickness of the back, and the culasse being much smaller than the table. This form of cutting is sometimes adopted for small crystals and pastes for cheap jewellery. Crys...
- Cutting Facets. Part 7
- Fictitious gems are prepared in a variety of ingenious methods, sometimes stones of inferior value are modified in their colours by heat, and substituted for more valuable gems, as in the case of the ...
- Section III. - Lapidary Apparatus For Amateurs
- Lapidary apparatus for amateurs is in some cases made precisely similar to that described in the preceding section, but more generally the laps are driven by a foot wheel and treadle; the general arra...
- Lapidary Apparatus For Amateurs. Continued
- The annexed table shows the divisions of the circle that may be obtained from the two circles of 96 and 60, which will be found sufficient for general purposes. In 2 parts by 48 in 96 ...
- Chapter XXXV. Gem And Glass Engraving. Section I. - Introduction. - Seal And Gem Engraving
- Gems, precious stones, glass, and similar hard substances that do not admit of the application of tools with cutting edges, are engraved either in relief, or in intaglio, by the employment of small re...
- Seal And Gem Engraving. Part 2
- In some cases the quill is made 3 or 4 inches long, and mounted, more like an ordinary lathe mandrel, in a conical steel collar at the front, and a back center also of steel. In this case the conical ...
- Seal And Gem Engraving. Part 3
- All the tools are required to have tolerably smooth surfaces, and to be quite free from ridges or hollows. In use they are liable to be worn into minute hollows, which are called creases, and should o...
- Seal And Gem Engraving. Part 4
- 1200, and called a colouring tool. The front edge of this tool is used to cut the first line to the required depth, and the second line is at the same time marked out by the back edge; at the next ...
- Seal And Gem Engraving. Part 5
- The general position of the stick is nearly vertical, so as to keep the surface of the stone inclined just sufficiently to prevent the stem of the tool coming in contact with the face of the stone. In...
- Seal And Gem Engraving. Part 6
- It is very generally supposed that the ancients greatly excelled the moderns in gem engraving, and that the art has never been carried to the highest perfection in this country. Mr. Henry Weigall, how...
- Section II. - Cameo Cutting
- Cameo cutting, or the engraving of gems in relief, is effected with the same apparatus, and by the same general methods as those employed in engraving corresponding forms in intaglio, and both arts ar...
- Section III. - Glass Engraving
- Engraving on glass is executed in much the same manner as seal engraving, and with tools of similar forms, but the designs on glass works are usually of larger sizes than those on gems, and the tools ...
- Chapter XXXVI. Varnishing And Lackering. Section I. - Preparation Of The Varnishes
- The varnishes are solutions of the various resins, but which are by varnish makers commonly called gums, and those principally employed are amber, anime, copal, lac, sandarac, mastic, damar, and commo...
- Varnishing And Lackering. Section I. - Preparation Of The Varnishes. Part 2
- Damar is easily dissolved in oil of turpentine, and when carefully selected is almost colourless; it makes a softer varnish than mastic; the two combined however form an almost colourless varnish, mod...
- Varnishing And Lackering. Section I. - Preparation Of The Varnishes. Part 3
- Nearly pure alcohol may be obtained from ordinary spirits of wine, by adding about one-third its weight of well-dried carbonate of potash, agitating the bottle, and then allowing it to stand for ten o...
- Varnishing And Lackering. Section I. - Preparation Of The Varnishes. Part 4
- A three-footed iron trevet, with a circular top, is employed to support the gum-pot. The feet of the trevet are about 16 inches in height, and spread wider at the bottom than the top, which is made o...
- Varnishing And Lackering. Section I. - Preparation Of The Varnishes. Part 5
- Eight pounds of Copal takes in general from sixteen to twenty minutes in fusing, from the beginning till it gets clear like oil; but the time depends very much on the heat of the fire and the attenti...
- Varnishing And Lackering. Section I. - Preparation Of The Varnishes. Part 6
- Carriage varnish is made much the same as common body varnish, except that to 8 lbs. of gum of second quality to about 2 1/2 gallons of oil, and 5 1/2 gallons of turpentine are used with driers. This ...
- Varnishing And Lackering. Section I. - Preparation Of The Varnishes. Part 7
- Very small quantities of varnish are generally made in glass bottles, large enough to contain about one-third more than the quantity introduced, and they are shaken up at frequent intervals; but altho...
- Varnishing And Lackering. Section I. - Preparation Of The Varnishes. Part 8
- Hardwood lacker is made like the brown hard varnish with 2 lbs. of shell lac to 1 gallon of spirit of wine, but without turpentine. Another hardwood lacker is made with 1 lb. of seed lac and 1 lb. of ...
- Varnishing And Lackering. Section I. - Preparation Of The Varnishes. Part 9
- Lacker for brass like French polish is made in a great variety of ways, and as in French polish the simplest and best pale lacker for works that do not require to be coloured, consists of shell lac an...
- Varnishing And Lackering. Section I. - Preparation Of The Varnishes. Part 10
- Paper varnish, for paper hangings and similar purposes, is made with 4 lbs. of damar to 1 gallon of turpentine. The damar dissolves very readily in the turpentine, either with moderate agitation or a ...
- Section II. - Application Of Varnishes
- In varnishing flat surfaces the varnishes are all applied like paint, with brushes that should be soft, and perfectly clean. For spirit varnishes, camel's hair pencils and brushes are used, the sizes ...
- Application Of Varnishes. Part 2
- In first placing the brush on the surface, it should be applied, not close to the edge, which would be liable to give too thick a coat at that part, but at a little distance from the edge, and the str...
- Application Of Varnishes. Part 3
- Japanning on metal, wood, and paper, is executed in much the same manner as similar works in spirit or oil varnishes, except that every coat of colour or varnish is dried by placing the object in an o...
- Application Of Varnishes. Part 4
- The work is heated prior to lackering in a variety of ways. In manufactories devoted principally to brass works, there is generally a lackering stove, having a broad flat top, upon which the work is l...
- Application Of Varnishes. Part 5
- The quantity of lacker taken in the brush depends partly upon the experience of the operator; those who have had much practice are enabled to use the brush tolerably full of lacker, which under proper...
- Application Of Varnishes. Part 6
- A cheap but tedious bronze is made by dissolving half a pound of sal ammoniac in a quart of dilute nitrous acid, say one part of aquafortis to two of water; this takes about two hours before the colou...
- Application Of Varnishes. Part 7
- At the opposite extreme of durability are the small rubbers, made of wadding, as mentioned in Art. 6, p. 1090, that are thrown away after a few minutes' use; but this is by many considered to be very ...
- Advertisements. Vol 3
- HOLTZAPFFEL & Co., No 64, ENGINE, LATHE, & TOOL MANUFACTURERS, AND GENERAL MACHINISTS, TURNING, PLANING, SCREW AND WHEEL CUTTING, FRAMING, etc. IN METAL AND WOOD TO DRAWINGS OR MODELS. ...
- Advertisements. Vol 3. Part 2
- A New System Or Decimal Gages Or Measures For Sheet Metals, Wires, and Small Manufactured Articles Generally. Including the exact decimal values of the gages now principally used for these purpo...
- Advertisements. Vol 3. Part 3
- The 4-looped figures are produced by changing the train of wheels. For the ellipses, the train consists of a fixed wheel of 48 teeth, leading into one of 24, to which is attached a 36 wheel, leading i...
- Advertisements. Vol 3. Part 4
- LIST OF PRICES. SECTION I. - Cowper's Parlour Presses and Apparatus. COWPER'S PARLOUR PRINTING PRESS, with a galley-chase, a box of ink, a composition...
- Preface To The Fourth Volume
- In submitting the Fourth Volume of Turning and Mechanical Manipulation to the indulgence of the public, the Author respectfully begs leave to offer a few words upon this continuation, so constantly de...
- Turning And Mechanical Manipulation. Vol. IV. The Principles And Practice Of Hand Or Plain Turning. Chapter I. Introduction
- The symmetrical beauty, and necessity of the cylindrical form to the wants of mankind, in an endless variety of utensils and implements, the daily requisites of civilization; in the construction of th...
- Section I. - The Indian, Persian, Arabian, And Other Lathes. The Chinese Lathe
- The lathe found in use among the natives of India, fig. 5, still remains the same primitive apparatus that has been considerecl as the probable starting point of turning. The practice is as follows; -...
- The Indian, Persian, Arabian, And Other Lathes. The Chinese Lathe. Continued
- one end is placed beneath the stretcher and a wedge or rough piece of wood between the stick and the floor, forces the other end up to the work and opposes the thrust of the tool; the arrangement...
- Section II. - European Lathes With Reciprocal Motion, From Poles, Springs, And Bows
- In the West, the improvements in the lathe appear to have resulted from the adoption of a different method of rotating the work; probably arising from the European habit of selecting the erect posture...
- European Lathes With Reciprocal Motion, From Poles, Springs, And Bows. Part 2
- The position of the turner using the pole lathe is fatiguing and not very secure; he is compelled to stand continually upon one leg, while at the same time he alternately raises the other rather high,...
- European Lathes With Reciprocal Motion, From Poles, Springs, And Bows. Part 3
- Fig. 23. Fig. 24. The straight stemmed hook tool is made both to deepen and widen the grooves, that it may be perfectly free within them. Fig. 25. Fig. 26. Fig. 27. ...
- Chapter II. Center Lathes With Continuous Motion. Section I. -Introduction Of The Wheel. Hand Wheels
- The adoption of the wheel and constant revolution in the lathe, eventually superseded the various methods of obtaining reciprocal motion from poles and springs. But, it is rather curious that the adva...
- Section II. - Foot Wheels
- The fly wheel driven by the foot, attached to the lathe as part of the machine, now offers abundance of power for all ordinary turning, and renders the workman generally independent of assistance. Alt...
- Section III. - The Driving Wheel Considered As To Momentum And As A Speed Pulley. Varieties Of Hand Fly Wheels
- Fly wheels afford the lathe two important advantages. Their momentum, equalizes the results of the varying muscular effort expended in driving them; storing up all in excess for the work or load to be...
- The Driving Wheel Considered As To Momentum And As A Speed Pulley. Varieties Of Hand Fly Wheels. Continued
- To meet these conditions, it is usual in the driving apparatus of all lathes, whether driven by hand, foot or power, to have a variety of grooves or steps of different diameters in the fly wheel and i...
- Section IV. - Cranks And Treadles Of Foot Lathes
- The cranks and treadles for driving the fly wheels of foot lathes, have been made of many different forms, some of which have been shown. For the earlier foot wheels, figs. 32 - 34, the axis was of a ...
- Cranks And Treadles Of Foot Lathes. Continued
- Fig. 43. When the lathe is at rest, the bend of the crank hangs downwards and the length of the hook should then permit the footboard of the treadle to hang just clear of the floor. In startin...
- Section V. - Driving Lines And Bands, Splicing And Couplers
- The driving bands of foot lathes have been made of cord or rope, of catgut; of plaited horsehair, leather or catgut; of round and of flat leather, of gutta percha and of other substances. Of all these...
- Driving Lines And Bands, Splicing And Couplers. Continued
- Fig. 47. Fig. 48. Fig. 49. Fig. 50. Fig. 51. Fig. 52. Fig. 53. Fig. 54. The hooks and eyes for joining catgut bands, figs. 52, 54, are m...
- Chapter III. Lathes With Revolving Mandrels. Section I. - Mandrels Mounted In Wooden Headstooks
- The lathe in which the work alone revolved between fixed center points, received its greatest improvement in the introduction of the mandrel, by which arrangement the work is attached to the end of a ...
- Lathes With Revolving Mandrels. Section I. - Mandrels Mounted In Wooden Headstooks. Continued
- Fig. 63. The mandrel and its cast collars ensured truth in two important particulars, which were thus within reach, when the modern exact tools for boring and turning these parts were unknown....
- Section II. - Bar And Bed Lathes
- The mandrel mounted in headstocks entirely of metal, succeeded the various constructions glanced at in the preceding section. The superior accuracy and strength attained brought about other structural...
- Bar And Bed Lathes. Continued
- Fig. 71. Fig. 72. Fig. 73. Fig. 74. Fig. 75. Fig. 76. The bearers of large and long lathes are of greatly increased substance, proportioned to their inc...
- Section III. - Mandrels Mounted In Metal Headstocks
- About the commencement of the present century, the turning lathe received material alterations and amendments from many different hands. Among them, the headstocks and the square iron mandrel hitherto...
- Mandrels Mounted In Metal Headstocks. Part 2
- The particular section of the traversing mandrel for screw cutting, fig. 83, also originated with the same authors. This mandrel is cylindrical and of steel hardened at its bearings, which work is har...
- Mandrels Mounted In Metal Headstocks. Part 3
- The same form of back gearing is also applied to foot lathes, to the larger of which it offers advantages; applied to the five inch and smaller foot lathes it is however less requisite or serviceable,...
- Mandrels Mounted In Metal Headstocks. Part 4
- Fig. 91. Some of the smallest lathes used by the watchmaker and driven by a single horsehair, having been noticed, a few words may be devoted to a lathe of the opposite character, fig. 92, int...
- Section IV. - Driving And Countershafts
- In the larger back geared lathes driven by power, the round driving band is replaced by a flat leather or other belt, and the manner in which these driving straps and their pulleys are employed, may b...
- Driving And Countershafts. Continued
- Two belts are more generally employed with the two sets of pulleys at the same time, the one crossed and the other open; the lathe is driven slowly by the pulleys 1 and 7, when the tool in the slide r...
- Chapter IV. Modern Foot Lathes
- Introduction The distance at which the axis of the lathe mandrel stands above the surface of the bed or bearers, upon which the lathe heads are carried, called the height of center, is used as the ...
- Section I. - Lathes With Plain Or Back Center Mandrels
- The plain or back center, five inch lathe head, fig. 97, is of cast iron, about nine inches long at the base, the under surface of which is flat, with a central tenon about an inch wide and deep, to f...
- Lathes With Plain Or Back Center Mandrels. Part 2
- The axis of the plain popit head, fig. 98, is bored out to be in precisely the same line, vertically and horizontally, with that of the mandrel; the under side of the base and the sides of the tenon, ...
- Lathes With Plain Or Back Center Mandrels. Part 3
- The cast iron driving wheel is bored to fit upon the turned extremity of the crank, on which it is retained against a flange, and prevented from moving round upon the crank in the manner previously de...
- Section II. - Lathes With Traversing Or Screw Cutting Mandrels
- External and internal screws, more generally of short length, but of all dimensions as to length, diameter, and fineness or coarseness of thread, are constantly required for attaching together the dif...
- Section III. - The Slide Foot Lathe
- The slide foot lathe may be considered as generally a close reduction of the larger power slide lathe in workshop use. It is employed for cutting long metal screws and for plain turning, the tool bein...
- Chapter V. Apparatus Added To The Lathe For Specific Purposes. Section I. - The Division Plate And Index. Scribing Tools
- The division plate, is a contrivance in general use for graduating the surfaces of work into any number of equal parts. On the lathe it is used among other purposes in plain turning, for setting out e...
- Counting Index
- Various mechanical arrangements, and occasionally rather complicated automatic apparatus, have been attempted or employed to replace the index; with the view of diminishing or entirely avoiding, the r...
- Interpolation
- The divisions of the circle in the preceding table, require the index to he always of unvarying height or length, as it is applied from hole to hole; but other numbers, not aliquot parts of these circ...
- Scribing Tools
- For purposes not demanding any great degree of accuracy, a point tool, or the corner of a flat tool, or upon wood, a lead pencil, may be employed upon the tee of the hand rest, to scribe the divisions...
- Section II. - Boring Collars, Sliding Guides And Back Stays
- The boring collar, is employed to support long works while the interior is bored or turned hollow, when it replaces the popit head. It is almost a reproduction of the collar shown by Bergeron, in the ...
- Guides For Slender Turning
- The elasticity of turned works that are long compared with their diameter, causes them to spring or bend away from the cut of the turning tool. The tendency to spring is also variable upon every piece...
- Back Stays
- The guide for supporting the work when the tool is employed in the slide rest, is distinguished as the back stay; it is required for the support of rods and long screws, and has to travel along the wo...
- Section III. - The Slide Rest. Slide Rest Tools. Manipulation And Adjustment
- The true cylinder or surface, is produced with sufficient facility with the tool under the guidance of the unassisted hand, in the manner described in the chapters on elementary turning. The process h...
- Slide Rest Tools
- The tools and cutter bars used in the slide rest for plain turning, are analogous to the hand tools, in the forms and angles of their cutting edges. But, as the true, unyielding guidance of the slide ...
- Manipulation Of The Slide Rest
- The construction of the slide rest ensures the tool travelling forward in either direction, in one horizontal plane ; but, it is also essential that the face or cutting edge of the tool, should be at ...
- The Adjustment Of The Slide Rest To Surface And Cylinder
- Slide rests constructed with every precaution require to be finally adjusted upon the lathe bearers, that they may subsequently turn the true surface and cylinder; this adjustment which merits a few w...
- Section IV. - Apparatus Added To Plain Lathes For Cutting Screws And Spirals. The Spiral Apparatus. Surface Spiral. Atkinson's Reciprocator
- The adaptation of the plain lathe to the production of long screws or spirals, has been tried and arranged in many different ways. One early method of copying and varying the pitch of a guide or patte...
- The Spiral Apparatus
- This apparatus, already slightly referred to in the chapter on screw cutting tools in the second volume, connects the revolutions of the mandrel with those of the slide rest screw, by a train of chang...
- The Spiral Apparatus. Part 2
- Fig. 167. Fig. 168. Fig. 169. 170. 171. The socket fig. 171, by means of a similar arrangement, fig. 170, carries a wheel with either a large or small cent...
- The Spiral Apparatus. Part 3
- Table No. I. Table Of Pitches Produced By A Set Of 15 Change Wheels With Main Screw Of 10 Threads Per Inch Wheel to be placed on the Mandrel in Top Horizontal line. Wheel to be placed on the Screw ...
- The Spiral Apparatus. Part 4
- Table No. III. Table Of Settings Of Change Wheels For Slide Lathe, With Guide Screw Of 4 Threads Per Inch. Wheels Rising By 5 From 20 To 120 Duplicates of 20, 60, and 100. Threads Wh...
- Surface Spiral
- The pitches of the screws produced by the combinations given in the foregoing tables, may be further extended by the introduction of a second pair of wheels upon one arbor, by which fraction they are ...
- Surface Spiral. Part 2
- In using any of the foregoing combinations of wheels, described as employed with the spiral apparatus, it should be observed, that the motion is invariably communicated to that end of the train, that ...
- Surface Spiral. Part 3
- Turning the wheel round precisely one half is rendered certain by an index, suggested by Mr. Francis Barrow, and shown on an enlarged scale fig. 175. Two short lines distinguishable one from the other...
- Section V. - Lifting Blocks And Lengthening Bearers
- Works exceptional in their dimensions, either of large diameter or of extreme length, are occasionally required in plain turning. The former are usually of the disc character, and are used for bases, ...
- Lengthening Beakers
- The bearers of the five inch foot lathes described, are usually from three to three feet six inches in length, but, as a portion of this space is occupied by the lathe heads, the length of work that c...
- Chapter VI. Chucks And Apparatus For Fixing The Various Works In The Lathe
- Introduction The great diversity found in the form, size and materials, of works executed in the lathe, has led to the production of a corresponding variety in the chucks and appliances used for fi...
- Section I. - Chucks For Long Objects Supported At Both Ends
- These works are fixed, between the chuck on the mandrel at the one end, and the point of the popit head and occasionally the boring collar, at the other. The Prong chuck, figs. 189.190, is used for so...
- Chucks For Long Objects Supported At Both Ends. Part 2
- Works in metal, require both centering and setting, before they are turned; that they may at once run moderately truly in the square hole chuck. One end of the rod or forging is filed square, nearly c...
- Chucks For Long Objects Supported At Both Ends. Part 3
- In using the sliding center, shown in section fig. 200; the work is also fixed in the vice, the hollow cone is held vertically, resting upon it, while the solid steel cylinder which terminates in a po...
- Chucks For Long Objects Supported At Both Ends. Part 4
- Want of equilibrium, due to the unequal distribution of weight, in the work and the heart shaped and other carriers, may be inconveniently felt in the effect called backlash. Directly the tool is re...
- Chucks For Long Objects Supported At Both Ends. Part 5
- Fig. 219. o 2 The Scribing Tool, one form of which is given by fig. 220, is held in the right hand, pressed down and sliding upon the surface plate, while the point, which may be fixed at a...
- Section II. - Long Objects Supported At One End Only
- The chucks for carrying drills are constructed in a variety of forms; the most simple, fig. 229, has a square hole of much greater length and less angle, than the similar chuck employed for turning. T...
- Long Objects Supported At One End Only. Part 2
- The Die chuck with two slides fig. 240, employed for small pieces of metal, ivory or wood, from about half an inch diameter downwards, has two steel dies sliding in an undercut diametrical groove; the...
- Long Objects Supported At One End Only. Part 3
- Fig. 248. 249. Fig. 250. 251. Fig. 252. Numerous self centering wire and die chucks with three slides, appear to have been derived from Mordan's, or from Hick's...
- Section III. - Chucks For Short Objects, Grasped By Their Edges. Chucks Without Loose Parts
- These comprise various conical chucks, into and upon which the work is driven by light blows or by pressure. The Plain, Cup, or Driving chucks, fig. 256, the simplest of this group, are also those mos...
- Chucks For Short Objects, Grasped By Their Edges. Chucks Without Loose Parts. Part 2
- The several foregoing plain, wood chucks, are principally used for carrying partly finished works, already possessing a circular margin; and they acquire so little vibration under the turning tool, th...
- Chucks Without Loose Parts. Part 3
- The elasticity of the material, which affords so valuable a hold upon the work, slightly interferes however with the trustworthiness of the screw attaching the wood chuck to the mandrel ; the compress...
- Chucks With Loose Parts
- Of the various chucks with movable parts having the power of expansion and contraction, forming the second half of the group for grasping short works by their edges, the spring chucks are the simplest...
- Chucks With Loose Parts. Part 2
- Fig. 273. Fig. 274. Fig. 275. The spring chuck fig. 275, is a plain brass socket screwing on the mandrel, divided by two or more diametrical saw cuts, it possesses a very small...
- Chucks With Loose Parts. Part 3
- Fig. 280. Fig. 281. The self-centering action of the expanding arbors, noticed also in some of the die chucks, is employed for larger works in various forms of Universal chucks; in whi...
- Chucks With Loose Parts. Part 4
- The grasp upon the work, principally sustained by the friction of the parts in the foregoing universal chucks, is also liable to interference from elasticity or unequal wear; this in some degree inter...
- Section IV. - Chucks For Short Objects Fixed Against One Of Their. Surfaces
- The Screw worm chuck, fig. 295, the most common of the chucks with central screws, consists of a flat brass or iron flange, from about two to four inches diameter with a taper steel screw of a coarse,...
- Chucks For Short Objects Fixed Against One Of Their. Surfaces. Part 2
- Screw arbor chucks are used for works already partially completed such as discs and wheels, which may be fixed in this manner whilst their edges are turned or cut into teeth; in such cases the stabili...
- Chucks For Short Objects Fixed Against One Of Their. Surfaces. Part 3
- Fig. 305. Fig. 306. The Surface chuck with clamps, fig. 305, is employed for wood and metal; it has two sets of three radial mortises, in which the clamps are placed at any required di...
- Chucks For Short Objects Fixed Against One Of Their. Surfaces. Part 4
- The correct central adjustment of the work may sometimes be attained, by a thin piece of wood fixed upon the surface chuck by screws or otherwise; this is turned away to the exact diameter to fit with...
- Upright Chucks
- Rectangular and other pieces, the edges at angles to the principal planes of the work, and projections or recesses upon these edges, are turned with the work fixed against upright chucks; generally sp...
- Chapter VII. The Elementary Practice Of Softwood Turning. Section I. - Introduction. Position For Standing. Treading The Lathe. Velocity Given To The Work
- The art of turning in softwood produces numerous useful and elegant results for domestic, personal and manufacturing purposes; it requires comparatively few and simple tools, but affords considerable ...
- Section II. - External Tools. Leverage. Position Of The Gouge And Chisel On The Cylinder. Callipers
- The general principles guiding the forms, the shapes and angles, and the action of the cutting edges of all turning tools, together with illustrations of those most generally in use, are given in Chap...
- Position Of The Gouge On The Cylinder
- In turning the softwoods, the gouge is usually held grasped firmly by the left hand, which is wrapped around the blade a short distance from the cutting edge, the knuckles uppermost and the fingers be...
- Position Of The Chisel On The Cylinder
- The cutting action of the chisel is the same as that of the gouge and its management is similar, except in some details due to the difference in form of the two tools. The positions on the cylinder, a...
- Callipers
- The Single Callipers fig. 841, referred to as used for external measurement, are made of two thin plates of sheet steel jointed together at a center, the bows tapering to delicate points the extreme e...
- Section III. - Position Of The Gouge And Chisel On The Surface, Back Surface, The Plankways Surface, And On The Cone
- The cutting bevils of the gouge and chisel, at the moment of cutting in producing the surface, exactly coincide with the planes they form, analagous to the manner in which they become tangents to the ...
- The Back Surface
- The surface may be turned at either end of a cylinder, when held between centers. That next the popit head is first finished, almost, but not quite, to the center; leaving a small central projection f...
- The Surface The Plankway Of The Grain
- The cylinder and surface of the proportions of fig. 349, are about midway in a group, of which one extreme is a ruler, long and of small diameter, requiring truth only as a cylinder, the surfaces or e...
- Cones And Conical Surfaces
- The two extremes of the cone merge respectively into the cylinder and surface; for cones approaching the one, the tool is employed in the manner described for the cylinder, and in that for the surface...
- Section IV. - The Internal Cylinder. Boring. Internal Softwood Tools, Hollowing With The Gouge, Hook And Side Tools. The Internal Surface
- The smaller examples of the softwood internal cylinder, are the apertures for the plain fittings, by which one part of the work is attached to another. This method of attachment is both stronger and...
- Hollowing With The Gouge, Hook And Side Tools
- The long handled gouge used for hollowing, varies from three eighths to about threequarters of an inch in width, according to the size of the aperture to be made. The end of the work is first turned t...
- Hollowing With The Gouge, Hook And Side Tools. Continued
- The side tools figs. 361. 363, are used after the hook tool, for turning more exact internal cylinders and surfaces, figs. 370. to 372.; they are held and used in much the same manner as the hook tool...
- Section V. - The Sphere And Internal Hemisphere In Softwood
- The sphere in softwood is little required for other than ornamental purposes, and for these it can readily be turned with the gouge and chisel; while the material is hardly suitable for spheres of gre...
- Internal Hemisphere In Softwood
- The internal hemisphere of large or small diameter figs. 379. 380, is roughly hollowed to shape with the gouge, used as described for the internal cylinder; it may then be entirely completed with the ...
- Chapter VIII. The Elementary Practice Of Hardwood And Ivory Turning. Section I. - Hardwood And Ivory Turning Tools, Position And Cutting Action
- The turning tools used for both hardwood and ivory are almost invariably held radially, with their shafts nearly horizontally. They act more as scraping than as cutting tools, and are therefore no lon...
- Position And Cutting Action
- All the hardwood and ivory turning tools handled in short handles, are presented to the work radially and about horizontally, fig. 408, their under surface lying either nearly, or else quite flat upon...
- Section II. - The Cylinder And Surface. The Armrest. The Cylinder
- The hardwood cylinder, figs. 408 to 410, mounted between centers or in a plain chuck, as previously described, is roughed and then turned true with the gouge, which may have either a long or short han...
- The Surface
- The irregular surface at the end of the cylinder, may be turned flat and true with the gouge, held after the manner for softwood. Surfaces of small diameter, are turned with a smaller gouge, also lyin...
- The Armrest
- In practical turning, it is constantly necessary to change the position of the tool, from cutting upon the surface, to that of cutting upon the cylinder or edge, and as constantly back again to that f...
- Section III. - Boring And Turning The Internal Cylinder. Internal Surface, And Internal Parting Tools
- The internal cylinder in hardwood and ivory turning, comprises all parallel apertures, commencing with the fine holes required for the insertion of pins or analogous purposes, which are made by drilli...
- Turning The Internal Cylinder
- Cylindrical openings to fit corresponding pins or short cylinders, for the purpose of attaching one part of the work to another, usually of inconsiderable depth compared with their diameter, are produ...
- The Internal Surface
- The internal surface, when its accompanying cylinder is of moderate depth, is turned with the flat tool and armrest. At increased depths, the tool is used in a long handle; it may be held upon the arm...
- Internal Parting Tools
- The internal cylinder when of ivory or rare woods, may be roughed out in solid pieces, in the manner referred to in the first volume for the preparation of ivory; the material being removed and saved ...
- Section IV. - External And Internal Cones
- The material for the hardwood cone is first turned fairly cylindrical, nearly to the diameter of the base, and the end surfaced; the height of the intended cone is then marked off upon it, measured fr...
- Section V. - The Sphere And Internal Hemisphere In Hardwood
- The sphere in hardwood may be produced after the same polygonal method, described for softwood. The material should have the grain running lengthwise, agreeing with the mandrel axis; and when carried ...
- Internal Hemisphere In Hardwood
- All dimensions of the hardwood internal hemisphere, may be produced with the round tool fig. 392. The smallest do not usually require much accuracy, and these little cavities may be made as counterpar...
- Chapter IX. Elementary Metal Turning. Section I. - Introduction. Tools In Common Use For Turning Steel, Iron And Brass. Preparation Of The Material. Speed And Depth Of Cut. Lubrication
- The manipulation of the hand turning tools for metal, in many particulars greatly resembles that of the tools employed both upon hard and softwood, while the analogies between the cutting action of th...
- Tools In Common Use For Turning- Steel, Iron And Brass
- The cutting angles of the tools for turning iron and steel, vary from 60 to 80. The most general, shown on the face and in profile, figs. 440 to 449, are usually ground at about 60, and...
- Preparation of The Material
- The hard exterior of both castings and forgings rapidly deteriorates the cutting edges of the turning tools; while, in addition to their hardness, the surfaces of most castings are much impregnated wi...
- Speed. Depth Of Cut And Lubrication
- Owing to the increased strain and friction in metal, compared with wood turning, considerably reduced speed in the revolution of the work is generally necessary, this is requisite, to allow sufficient...
- Section II. - Manipulation Of The Hand Tools Upon Cylindrical Forms In Metal. Diamond Tools
- The tools for turning iron and steel, whether in long or short handles, are nearly always held underhand, at about the vertical angle of the graver fig. 461. The right hand is grasped around the short...
- Iron And Steel Cylindrical Work
- In turning the iron, or annealed steel cylinder, the graver rests on the tee by one of the lateral angles of its chamfer, figs 461. 462, the point being placed in contact with the work, with the shaft...
- Brass And Gunmetal Cylindrical Work
- Work of this character is first roughed concentric by series of separate cuts made with the router, figs. 450. 451. The ridges between the furrows are then reduced by the same tool, and the cylinder i...
- Diamond Tools
- Most cylindrical forms turned in soft steel, when subsequently hardened, more or less lose their axial truth in the process; they are in some cases hacked with the hammer, upon portions intentionall...
- Section III. - Manipulation Of The Hand Tools Upon Surfaces And Surface Forms In Metal
- The steel or iron surface may be turned with the graver and flat tool, employed in much the same manner as on the cylinder, the tee of the rest being placed parallel with the work. Those of small diam...
- Section IV. - Metal Cones, Cylindrical And Surface Curves
- The cone and conical shapes in metal, are used for centers of motion, for fittings, and sometimes only as the line to connect two different diameters in the same solid, when it is desirable to avoid a...
- Metal Cones, Cylindrical And Surface Curves. Continued
- When the work is held in the vice during the burnishing, the burnisher is held by the tip between the finger and thumb of the left hand, which as a fulcrum rests quiescent on the vice chop, and its ed...
- Section V. - Internal Cylinder And Surface. Sequence, Or Consecutive Character of Processes In Metal Turning
- The hardness of the material rather closely limits the use of the hand turning tools, in the production of internal surfaces and cylinders in metal. Little difficulty is experienced in turning recesse...
- Sequence
- Plain turning of every kind requires to be followed out from the very commencement upon some plan or system, to secure the concentric truth of all the component surfaces of every individual portion of...
- Chapter X. Screw Cutting. Section I. - Introduction. Striking And Chasing Screws With The Hand Tools
- The screws cut upon hardwood, ivory and metal, for the direct attachment of one portion of work to another, which also greatly vary in their diameters and other dimensions, in many cases from choice o...
- Striking And Chasing Screws With The Hand Tools
- Screw tools intermediate between the extremes of coarse and fine, such as numbers 4 or 5 of the table page 673. Vol. II., are the most convenient for elementary practice; their points are sufficiently...
- Striking And Chasing Screws With The Hand Tools. Continued
- For practical purposes, the hardwood or ivory external screw of large or small diameter, is first turned cylindrical, somewhat larger than the size to which it is required to be finished, and its shou...
- Section II. - Similar Screws Cut With The Traversing Mandrel
- The traversing mandrel produces both the external and internal screw with ease and certainty, it is therefore a desirable addition to the powers of the lathe, when the habit of striking screws by hand...
- Similar Screws Cut With The Traversing Mandrel. Continued
- External and internal screws of all diameters, may be commenced and completed on the traversing mandrel so as to fit each other; or, which is sometimes convenient, so soon as the screw thread has been...
- Section III. - Screw Cutting With The Slide Lathe, Or Spiral Apparatus
- Accurate and long metal and other screws, may be cut either in the slide lathe, or with the spiral apparatus; the details of both arrangements have been described, the manipulation of the two, the too...
- Screw Cutting With The Slide Lathe, Or Spiral Apparatus. Part 2
- Fig. 526. Fig. 527. Fig. 528. The Chord dividers, fig. 527, an instrument suggested to the author by Mr. G. A. Ames, for prevention of error and convenience in measuring angles and in ...
- Screw Cutting With The Slide Lathe, Or Spiral Apparatus. Part 3
- The work therefore may remain stationary a small interval of time, until from the cut of the tool the carrier overtakes the driver; which results in damage to the thread, by a partial widening of its ...
- Screw Cutting With The Slide Lathe, Or Spiral Apparatus. Part 4
- The depth of the separate cuts necessarily varies with the hardness of the material, the diameter, and the shape of the thread; but it should always be well within the cutting capacity of the edge of ...
- Screw Cutting With The Slide Lathe, Or Spiral Apparatus. Part 5
- Square threaded external screws are cut in a similar manner; they are usually about twice the pitch of the angular threads, the original cylindrical surface of the blank left to form the top of the th...
- Screw Cutting With The Slide Lathe, Or Spiral Apparatus. Part 6
- In cutting the internal thread the tool is advanced for the depth of cut, towards, instead of away from the operator, otherwise the manipulation of the apparatus is so similar to that for the external...
- Section IV. - Chuck And Similar Screws, Tapped And Then Cut In The Lathe
- The short internal screws by which the lathe chucks are screwed on the mandrel, and portions of work on the external double screw chucks, figs. 298. 299, require truth and exact fitting; the chuck scr...
- Chapter XI. The Sphere, And Various Forms In Hardwood And Ivory Derived From This Solid. Section I. - Selection And Preparation Of The Material
- The sphere, among other purposes, serves as the foundation of many interesting examples of plain turning, among which, as in the Chinese ball and analogous works, it is used both as the envelope and a...
- The Sphere, And Various Forms In Hardwood And Ivory Derived From This Solid. Section I. - Selection And Preparation Of The Material. Continued
- Variation of density around the axis of the sphere in the transverse direction, c d, the second quality referred to, arising from irregular growth in the material, can be greatly reduced by suitable s...
- Section II. - Chucking And Turning The Billiard Ball And Accurate Sphere
- The preliminary turning slightly differs for hardwood and ivory. The polygonal method may be roughly followed for the former; but, as this guide is to be superseded by a better, the ball is more gener...
- Chucking And Turning The Billiard Ball And Accurate Sphere. Part 2
- In roughing out the ball for seasoning, the nerve or the lengthways of the grain, has been hitherto always in the same direction as the mandrel axis; but in finishing, the ball is first placed in the ...
- Chucking And Turning The Billiard Ball And Accurate Sphere. Part 3
- The gouge or other tool employed is swept about two thirds around the curve from b to c, fig. 554, the thickness of the shaving being made gradually to diminish towards the termination ; the tool is t...
- Chucking And Turning The Billiard Ball And Accurate Sphere. Part 4
- The band gradually diminishes under the chisel until it becomes the old circumferential line, or would be so, but from the irregularities inseparable from the use of the tool. The remaining black lead...
- Section III. - Various Works Formed Within The Sphere By Plain Turning. The Chinese Ball
- These works may be constructed either in wood or ivory, the latter being preferable, from its uniformity of texture, which avoids some difficulties incidental to the former; all require an accurate sp...
- Solids Turned Within The Sphere
- Hollow balls containing compound solids formed of cones or rays, and other shapes attached by their bases, are produced in much the same manner as the Chinese ball, but with some additional precaution...
- Solids Turned Within The Sphere. Continued
- The method of turning simple or circular solids within a spherical shell, is described in forming the box, fig. 584. The solid sphere marked with six centers, as previously, is placed in the chuck fig...
- Geometrical Solids
- The majority of these forms admit of production in the lathe by plain turning. The five regular or platonic solids, contained by the surface of the sphere, so named from their possessing equal faces, ...
- Geometrical Solids. Continued
- The octahedron or double four sided. pyramid, figs. 589. 590, has four of its centers upon the lines e f, and four upon g h; the positions for these circles upon either side of the circumference, bein...
- Chapter XII. Practical Examples Of Simple, Plain Turning In Wood And Ivory. Section I. - Construction, Form And Ornament
- Plain turning in wood and ivory has so wide a range, that illustration by examples can necessarily indicate but few of its results. The indulgence of the reader is therefore claimed for the attempt ma...
- Examples of Turning In Wood And Ivory. Construction, Form And Ornament. Part 2
- Subordinate to the principal outline there follows the prolific subject of suitable ornamentation; which in plain turning, takes the form of fillets, mouldings and small curves, separated by cylindric...
- Examples Of Simple, Plain Turning In Wood And Ivory. Section I. - Construction, Form And Ornament. Part 3
- An additional use of ornament lies in its employment to break joint, that is, to conceal the junction of the pieces of which any portion of the work is composed. For this purpose, the position for the...
- Examples of Turning In Wood And Ivory. Construction, Form And Ornament. Part 4
- The effective appearance of the fillet, depends upon the truth of the small portions of cylinder and surface of which it is composed, which then meet exactly at a right angle. The clear definition thu...
- Tabular View Of Works In Plain Turning In Wood And Ivory. Dining Room And Domestic
- Apple scoops. Ash trays. Bellows boards. Bonbon boxes. Bottle cases. Bottle label rings. Bottle stands. Bowls. Bread plates. Brush handles. Butter moulds. Butter stands. Candle dumps. Chimney...
- Section II. - Axial Or Simple Plain Turning
- The manipulation of the hand tools employed in the production of the following specimens, requires little further elucidation than that already given upon the various surfaces and solids, in the chapt...
- Axial Or Simple Plain Turning. Part 2
- The chisel is then again reversed and placed upon the top of the round next the ferrule to turn its short curve, which is half that of a bead, much after the manner of turning a small sphere. The bevi...
- Axial Or Simple Plain Turning. Part 3
- Fig. 609. The bead at the base A is first completed by separate cuts made with a narrow chisel, used in the manner described in turning the half bead next the ferrule upon the handle, fig. 608...
- Axial Or Simple Plain Turning. Part 4
- The completed work is then very nearly severed from the piece on the chuck, so that the two may be easily broken apart, after the little piece left at the point has been cut through with the chisel; t...
- Axial Or Simple Plain Turning. Part 5
- Dutch rush produces similar results upon very close grained hardwoods and upon ivory. A small bundle loosely bound together at the ends, formed of a moderate quantity of the short lengths of the rush ...
- Axial Or Simple Plain Turning. Part 6
- Ivory is a material easily left smooth from the tool, and as facile to polish. It readily receives scratches from glass paper, the use of this is therefore limited so far as possible, and that used is...
- Axial Or Simple Plain Turning. Part 7
- In hardwood and ivory, the external forms marked off as before, are shaped with the gouge, and finished with flat, point, round, half round and bead tools, held in the horizontal manner and presented ...
- Axial Or Simple Plain Turning. Part 8
- Several of the forms last considered may be turned from single pieces of softwood the plankways of the grain. The material would be mounted upon fig. 295, with the precautions given to place it square...
- Axial Or Simple Plain Turning. Part 9
- Plain joints turned upon hollow works, will sometimes subsequently lose the accuracy of their fitting from the unequal contraction of the material even when that is well seasoned; the liability being ...
- Axial Or Simple Plain Turning. Part 10
- The shafts and bases of the Banner screens, figs. 668. 669 about fifteen to eighteen inches high, would be turned from three or four pieces, and those of the Candle shade, fig. 667, from two; the slen...
- Chapter XIII. Practical Examples Of Combined Plain Turning, Executed With The Hand Tools Alone. Section I. - Various Specimens Of Moderate Dimensions. Attachment And Formation Of Columns, Arcs Of Circles And Other Ornamental Forms
- The specimens described under this head consist either of main central figures, into which other portions are inserted eccentrically, or they have the main figure divided in several pieces, built up a...
- Various Specimens Of Moderate Dimensions. Attachment And Formation Of Columns, Arcs Of Circles And Other Ornamental Forms. Part 2
- Fig. 688. Fig. 689. Fig. 690. The method shown by fig. 690, is neater and easier but less strong; both ends of the shafts are bored with parallel holes to receive separate hardwood pins, which...
- Various Specimens Of Moderate Dimensions. Attachment And Formation Of Columns. Part 3
- Plate XL The Candle shade, fig. 697, about ten inches high, has the stem supported on a tripod, formed of equal portions of a ring of square section; this, is marked and cut across in three pl...
- Attachment And Formation Of Columns, Arcs Of Circles And Other Ornamental Forms. Part 4
- The latter form, used also for the table of fig. 731, and the plinth of fig. 747, has the margin composed of three circular arcs, the points truncated by the original circular edge, and may be made of...
- Section II. - Specimens, Generally Larger And For Useful Purposes. Plain Turning Applied To Surface Ornamentation
- The construction of the Menu holders, figs. 683 - 685 and that of the Stands for China, figs. 713 - 717 and 719 requires no description, all the vertical pieces, with the exception of that in the last...
- Specimens, Generally Larger And For Useful Purposes. Plain Turning Applied To Surface Ornamentation. Part 2
- The central form of fig. 728, is composed of several pieces, the tazza at the summit, its neck, the overhanging piece carrying the arms, a circular core, surrounded by short cylinders contained betwee...
- Plain Turning Applied To Surface Ornamentation. Part 3
- The more ornate example, fig. 733, drawn from a finished work twenty two inches in total height, shows the back, of which the upper portion is shaped out as part of the design. The external frame turn...
- Plain Turning Applied To Surface Ornamentation. Part 4
- The chuck fig. 735 is also employed for inlaying, an analogous surface ornamentation admitting considerable variety, and applicable to either large or small work. Eccentric circular grooves and apertu...
- Plain Turning Applied To Surface Ornamentation. Part 5
- The Tripods, figs. 747. 748, are adaptations of Pompeian pedestals. The first, a Table lamp stand, fourteen inches high, has three supports braced together by square diagonal pieces connected to centr...
- Chapter XIV. Miscellanea In Plain Turning In Wood And Ivory. Dyeing, Staining, And Darkening. Section I. - Miscellanea. Portions Of The Work Left Or Turned Rectangular Cubes
- The interposition of the square with the circular section, variously adopted in several of the preceding examples, is frequent in plinths and shafts turned in the solid material, and familiar in table...
- Square Forms Contained By Convex Faces
- A variety in square work adapted for shafts and pedestals, is obtained by turning the separate faces of one, or several similar pieces at the same time, as flat arcs of large circles. Shafts are turne...
- Radial Figuration Of Cylindrical Margins
- Projecting ornament of the character of those upon the edge of the central piece, fig. 744, may be turned upon the work in the solid, or its cylindrical edge may be recessed to receive inlaying, when ...
- Profile Turning
- The simpler examples of these works are easily produced upon cylinders, knobs, and other small solids, with the ordinary turning tools, by turning them into curves grouped together to represent the fe...
- Transparent And Slender Turning
- The former is applied in the bowls of small plain turned vases and tazze, the substance of parts or the whole of their hollowed portions being reduced, until sufficiently attenuated to become transpar...
- Turned Tobacco Pipes
- These are made from many of the softwoods, their roots and burrs, pear and cherry tree are the more usual; from some harder kinds, and from the so-called briar root, the last name being a corruption...
- Section II. - Staining, Dyeing And Darkening
- In turning it is frequently necessary to use a piece of wood of a different kind to that from which the work is principally constructed, in order to attain a sufficient diameter for some one portion. ...
- Staining, Dyeing And Darkening. Part 2
- The tones of the stained woods may be rather largely modified, by the colour of the polish used upon them. The lightest colours therefore, are polished with the lightest coloured lackers, or varnished...
- Staining, Dyeing And Darkening. Part 3
- Those water stains used that have been already mentioned, and all others, are prepared in the same manner as for wood, but they are afterwards strained or filtered. They are employed warm or only tepi...
- Works Published By Holtzapffel Co
- 64, Charing Cross, and 127, Long Acre, London. The Art Of Double Counting On The Lathe By MAJOR JAMES ASH. A Clear and Practical Treatise on the Production of an Extensive Variety of Patterns...
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